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IB biology > Plant Biology > Flashcards

Plant Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the shoot system

A

Produces sugars by photosynthesis
Carries out reproduction
Transport

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2
Q

what is the root system

A

Anchors the plant
Penetrates the soil and absorbs water and minerals
Stores Food

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3
Q

Functions of leaf

A

Manufacture food through photosynthesis
Gas (air) exchange – respiration
Protect vegetative and floral buds
Water transport – transpiration
Store Food during germination

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4
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is the process which plants use the energy from sunlight, the water from the soil and the CO2 form the air to produce sugar.

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5
Q

what is chlorophyll associated with

A

The conversion of unusable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy, is associated with the actions of the green pigment, chlorophyll, in the plant cells.

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6
Q

process of photosynthesis

A

The process of photosynthesis, plants convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose and sugar

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7
Q

chemical equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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8
Q

how is photosynthesis and respiration related

A

Sugars produced by photosynthesis are used directly in respiration

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9
Q

what is respiration

A

Respiration is the release of energy derived from the food created by photosynthesis.

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10
Q

equation of respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

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11
Q

energy storage of photosynthesis

A

Usually, photosynthesis will produce more glucose than needed by the plant.

The excess sugars are stored and transformed into starch, cellulose, lipids (fats) and other carbohydrates, proteins and sucrose.

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12
Q

Other functions of leaf (1)

A

Leaves protect buds through the winter e.g. Juniper, Mango

Leaves protect floral bracts during development, e.g. Poinsettia, Globe artichoke.

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13
Q

Other functions of leaf (2)

A

Maintaining the water cycle
Leaves are important part of the water cycle, helping provide atmospheric water.

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14
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (1)

A

Leaves are thin and broad in order to have a great amount of surface area for sun and CO2 absorption.
Similar to mini solar panels

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15
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (2)

A

Palisade Mesophyll Layer is right below the upper epidermis
Collects the most sunlight
CO2 diffuses across short distances

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16
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (3)

A

Large spaces between cells provide easy passage for CO2 to diffuse

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17
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (4)

A

Many stomata in the lower surface

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18
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (5)

A

More chloroplasts in the upper surface

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19
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (6)

A

Branching network of veins.

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20
Q

major organs of a plant

A

leaf
stem
root system

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21
Q

what is the leaf

A

Collect sunlight
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Site of photosynthesis

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22
Q

what is the stem

A

Supports the plant

Spaces out the leaves and helps them compete for sunlight and carbon dioxide

Helps pollination and later dispersal of the seeds (holding the flowers above ground)

Transports nutrients and also water and salts

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23
Q

use of the root system

A

Absorbs water, dissolved nutrients from soil

Anchors the plants
Holds the plants upright
Prevents plants from getting knocked over

Stores food

Complex structure

Branching network

24
Q

leaf structure

A

waxy cuticle
upper epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
vascular bundle:
xylem
phloem
lower epidermis
stomata

25
Q

waxy cuticle

A

made of wax for the conservation of water within the leaf. The wax also prevents herbivore or frost damage. It is transparent so that light can pass through and also decreases water loss

26
Q

upper epidermis

A

supportive and protective function, supports the leaf when turgid, covered by the waxy cuticle

27
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

this layer is the main photosynthetic region of the leaf. the cells are tightly packed and contain many chloroplasts for maximum light absorption

28
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

Loosely-packed cells covered with a thin film of water creates the spaces for the diffusion of gases, movement of gases and water vapour. Large air spaces

29
Q

vascular bundle

A

composed of xylem and phloem. provide transport and support

30
Q

xylem

A

cell walls thickened with lignin. conducts water and mineral salts and gives mechanical support

31
Q

phloem

A

transports sugars made during photosynthesis. Sieve plates separate adjacent cells

32
Q

Lower epidermis

A

provides a supportive function for the leaf

33
Q

stomata

A

allows gas exchange with the atmosphere

34
Q

how does gas exchange occur in leaves

A

Gas enters and leaves the plant, it does this through the leaves. Specifically through the stomata which are on the underside of the leaf

35
Q

air exchange in plants

A

Stomata let oxygen out, carbon dioxide in
During the day CO2 defuses into the cell and H2O and O2 defuse out.
During the night and when only respiration is happening CO2 defuses out and O2 defuses in.

36
Q

when does respiration occur in plants

A

plants respire day and night

37
Q

how does the stomata control gas exchange

A

The stomata control gas exchange in the leaf. Each stoma can be open or closed, depending on how turgid its guard cells are.

In the light, the guard cells absorb water by osmosis, become turgid and the stoma opens.

In the dark, the guard cells lose water, become flaccid and the stoma closes.

Diffusion of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour into (or out of) the leaf is greatest when the stomata are open.

38
Q

what does stomata allow and prevent

A

Stomata allow carbon dioxide into the leaf (for photosynthesis) and the prevent excessive low of water vapor.

39
Q

what is turgor pressure

A

Turgor pressure is when water (inside the vacuole) presses on the cell wall – inflating the cell.

40
Q

what plants need water

A

Soft plants have lots of soft tissue that needs a regular supply of water

41
Q

stomata process

A

High potassium concentration –> low water potential –> water enters the guard cells –> stoma opens

42
Q

guard cells and spongy mesophyll

A

Guard cells regulate the stomata
If they absorb water they become turgid (swollen) and open the stoma.
Exchange takes place in Spongy Mesophyll
Kept moist to allow air exchange

43
Q

water exchange

A

it also takes place in the Spongy Mesophyll

This process of water evaporation from plants to the environment is TRANSPIRATION

Water is lost from leaves
Replaced by water from xylem in vascular tissues.

44
Q

vascular bundle use

A

Transport water and nutrients throughout the plant

Xylem
Transports water and salts from roots
Conducting cells dead and hollow at maturity –> VESSELS

Phloem
Sugar and amino acids are transported from leaves to parts of the plants
requiring food –> SIEVE TUBES
The concentration gradient that moves is created via the concentration of sugars
Dissolved food transport is called translocation

45
Q

use of xylem

A

conducts water and dissolved minerals

conducting cells are dead and hollow at maturity
–> long cells joined end to end

cell walls are impregnated with lignin and fibres –> cell walls impermeable –> cytoplasm dies / no nuclei

46
Q

what is the pith

A

PITH is the CENTRAL tissue of the stem
These tissues serve also as supporting tissue and contribute to the stem’s rigidity

47
Q

phloem complex

A

Transports sugars
Main conducting cells (alive) are sieve – tube members (No nuclei)
Companion cells assist in the loading of sugars

48
Q

directions of phloem and xylem

A

Water travels UP in the xylem in ONE Direction

UP and DOWN in the phloem

49
Q

components of the root

A

root hairs
cortex
phloem
xylem
root tip
root cap

50
Q

root hair

A

take in water and mineral salts

51
Q

cortex

A

stores some food as starch

52
Q

phloem in the root

A

brings food from the leaves which is used to make new cells at the root tip

53
Q

xylem in the root

A

carries water and mineral salts up the stem

54
Q

root tip

A

grows as the cells divide

55
Q

root cap

A

protects the root tip as it grows through the soil

56
Q

root structure

A

area of maturation
- vascular bundle
- cortex

area of elongation

area of cell-division
- apical meristem
- root cap

57
Q

Root Hairs and Lateral Roots

A

Root hairs are tiny extensions of epidermal cells

Root hairs to take up water (OSMOSIS) and absorb mineral salts (ACTIVE TRANSPORT). THEY INCREASE The ABSORBING AREA OF THE ROOT

IB biology (15 decks)

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