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IB biology > Plant Biology > Flashcards

Plant Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the shoot system

A

Produces sugars by photosynthesis
Carries out reproduction
Transport

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2
Q

what is the root system

A

Anchors the plant
Penetrates the soil and absorbs water and minerals
Stores Food

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3
Q

Functions of leaf

A

Manufacture food through photosynthesis
Gas (air) exchange – respiration
Protect vegetative and floral buds
Water transport – transpiration
Store Food during germination

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4
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is the process which plants use the energy from sunlight, the water from the soil and the CO2 form the air to produce sugar.

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5
Q

what is chlorophyll associated with

A

The conversion of unusable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy, is associated with the actions of the green pigment, chlorophyll, in the plant cells.

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6
Q

process of photosynthesis

A

The process of photosynthesis, plants convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose and sugar

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7
Q

chemical equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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8
Q

how is photosynthesis and respiration related

A

Sugars produced by photosynthesis are used directly in respiration

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9
Q

what is respiration

A

Respiration is the release of energy derived from the food created by photosynthesis.

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10
Q

equation of respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

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11
Q

energy storage of photosynthesis

A

Usually, photosynthesis will produce more glucose than needed by the plant.

The excess sugars are stored and transformed into starch, cellulose, lipids (fats) and other carbohydrates, proteins and sucrose.

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12
Q

Other functions of leaf (1)

A

Leaves protect buds through the winter e.g. Juniper, Mango

Leaves protect floral bracts during development, e.g. Poinsettia, Globe artichoke.

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13
Q

Other functions of leaf (2)

A

Maintaining the water cycle
Leaves are important part of the water cycle, helping provide atmospheric water.

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14
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (1)

A

Leaves are thin and broad in order to have a great amount of surface area for sun and CO2 absorption.
Similar to mini solar panels

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15
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (2)

A

Palisade Mesophyll Layer is right below the upper epidermis
Collects the most sunlight
CO2 diffuses across short distances

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16
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (3)

A

Large spaces between cells provide easy passage for CO2 to diffuse

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17
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (4)

A

Many stomata in the lower surface

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18
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (5)

A

More chloroplasts in the upper surface

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19
Q

Why are leaves the perfect place for photosynthesis? (6)

A

Branching network of veins.

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20
Q

major organs of a plant

A

leaf
stem
root system

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21
Q

what is the leaf

A

Collect sunlight
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
Site of photosynthesis

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22
Q

what is the stem

A

Supports the plant

Spaces out the leaves and helps them compete for sunlight and carbon dioxide

Helps pollination and later dispersal of the seeds (holding the flowers above ground)

Transports nutrients and also water and salts

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23
Q

use of the root system

Study These Flashcards
A

Absorbs water, dissolved nutrients from soil

Anchors the plants
Holds the plants upright
Prevents plants from getting knocked over

Stores food

Complex structure

Branching network

24
Q

leaf structure

Study These Flashcards
A

waxy cuticle
upper epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
vascular bundle:
xylem
phloem
lower epidermis
stomata

25
waxy cuticle
made of wax for the conservation of water within the leaf. The wax also prevents herbivore or frost damage. It is transparent so that light can pass through and also decreases water loss
26
upper epidermis
supportive and protective function, supports the leaf when turgid, covered by the waxy cuticle
27
palisade mesophyll
this layer is the main photosynthetic region of the leaf. the cells are tightly packed and contain many chloroplasts for maximum light absorption
28
spongy mesophyll
Loosely-packed cells covered with a thin film of water creates the spaces for the diffusion of gases, movement of gases and water vapour. Large air spaces
29
vascular bundle
composed of xylem and phloem. provide transport and support
30
xylem
cell walls thickened with lignin. conducts water and mineral salts and gives mechanical support
31
phloem
transports sugars made during photosynthesis. Sieve plates separate adjacent cells
32
Lower epidermis
provides a supportive function for the leaf
33
stomata
allows gas exchange with the atmosphere
34
how does gas exchange occur in leaves
Gas enters and leaves the plant, it does this through the leaves. Specifically through the stomata which are on the underside of the leaf
35
air exchange in plants
Stomata let oxygen out, carbon dioxide in During the day CO2 defuses into the cell and H2O and O2 defuse out. During the night and when only respiration is happening CO2 defuses out and O2 defuses in.
36
when does respiration occur in plants
plants respire day and night
37
how does the stomata control gas exchange
The stomata control gas exchange in the leaf. Each stoma can be open or closed, depending on how turgid its guard cells are. In the light, the guard cells absorb water by osmosis, become turgid and the stoma opens. In the dark, the guard cells lose water, become flaccid and the stoma closes. Diffusion of carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour into (or out of) the leaf is greatest when the stomata are open.
38
what does stomata allow and prevent
Stomata allow carbon dioxide into the leaf (for photosynthesis) and the prevent excessive low of water vapor.
39
what is turgor pressure
Turgor pressure is when water (inside the vacuole) presses on the cell wall – inflating the cell.
40
what plants need water
Soft plants have lots of soft tissue that needs a regular supply of water
41
stomata process
High potassium concentration --> low water potential --> water enters the guard cells --> stoma opens
42
guard cells and spongy mesophyll
Guard cells regulate the stomata If they absorb water they become turgid (swollen) and open the stoma. Exchange takes place in Spongy Mesophyll Kept moist to allow air exchange
43
water exchange
it also takes place in the Spongy Mesophyll This process of water evaporation from plants to the environment is TRANSPIRATION Water is lost from leaves Replaced by water from xylem in vascular tissues.
44
vascular bundle use
Transport water and nutrients throughout the plant Xylem Transports water and salts from roots Conducting cells dead and hollow at maturity --> VESSELS Phloem Sugar and amino acids are transported from leaves to parts of the plants requiring food --> SIEVE TUBES The concentration gradient that moves is created via the concentration of sugars Dissolved food transport is called translocation
45
use of xylem
conducts water and dissolved minerals conducting cells are dead and hollow at maturity --> long cells joined end to end cell walls are impregnated with lignin and fibres --> cell walls impermeable --> cytoplasm dies / no nuclei
46
what is the pith
PITH is the CENTRAL tissue of the stem These tissues serve also as supporting tissue and contribute to the stem’s rigidity
47
phloem complex
Transports sugars Main conducting cells (alive) are sieve – tube members (No nuclei) Companion cells assist in the loading of sugars
48
directions of phloem and xylem
Water travels UP in the xylem in ONE Direction UP and DOWN in the phloem
49
components of the root
root hairs cortex phloem xylem root tip root cap
50
root hair
take in water and mineral salts
51
cortex
stores some food as starch
52
phloem in the root
brings food from the leaves which is used to make new cells at the root tip
53
xylem in the root
carries water and mineral salts up the stem
54
root tip
grows as the cells divide
55
root cap
protects the root tip as it grows through the soil
56
root structure
area of maturation - vascular bundle - cortex area of elongation area of cell-division - apical meristem - root cap
57
Root Hairs and Lateral Roots
Root hairs are tiny extensions of epidermal cells Root hairs to take up water (OSMOSIS) and absorb mineral salts (ACTIVE TRANSPORT). THEY INCREASE The ABSORBING AREA OF THE ROOT

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