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plant bio exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

organs of plant body

A

roots
stems leaves

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2
Q

tissues of plants

A

ground
vascular
dermal

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3
Q

ground tissue system

A

largest system, most of plant body
ex: pith, cortex, mesophyll

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4
Q

vascular tissue system

A

distribution of fluids and solutes
ex: xylem, phloem

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5
Q

dermal tissue system

A

protection and covering
ex: epidermis, periderm

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6
Q

simple tissue

A

composed of one type of cell
ex: parenchyma tissue

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7
Q

complex tissues

A

composed of multiple cell types
ex: xylem

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8
Q

parenchyma cells

A

ground tissue
many shapes, often elongated/spherical
found in all organs
lignified cell wall
living at maturity
mature parenchyma cells can differentiate into other cell types

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9
Q

lignin

A

rigid, supportive polymer that prevents water entry except through special openings

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10
Q

collenchyma cells

A

ground tissue
elongated specialized for support
living at maturity
walls composed of alternating cellulose and pectin
thickened corners allow flexibility and growth
often found on outer edges of cortex, near epidermis

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11
Q

collenchyma tissue

A

aggregated collenchyma provide support to stems
tissue can form cylinders or strands
ex: ridges on celery stalk

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12
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

ground tissue
rigid for support and structure
lignified cell walls
dead at maturity
fibers: long, narrow, sometimes flexible
sclereids: hard, rigid cells with thicker cell walls than fibers

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13
Q

sclerenchyma tissue

A

fibers: aggregate into long cable like structures or tubes around stems
sclereids: can occur in clusters (pear stone cells), sheets (seed coats), or individually
processed fibers can be made into rope, therads, textiles

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14
Q

cells in ground tissue

A

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma

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15
Q

vascular tissue cells

A

tracheids and vessel elements

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16
Q

xylem

A

complex tissue
water transport: vessel members, tracheids
support: fibers
loading: parenchyma (only living cells)
vascular bundles in young plants, vascular cylinder with growth

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17
Q

tracheary elements

A

secondary cell walls spiral, annular, pitted, laddered, or netlike
annular and spiral wall: stretch to accommate growth in young plants
water is exchanged through pits
simple pits: occur in lignified parenchyma, fibers
bordered pit: secondary wall extends over pit chamber, occur in tracheids, vessel members, some fibers

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18
Q

vessel

A

series of vessel members connected end to end
ends of cells for perforation plates
end cell of a vessel will have a closed end wall with bordered pits
members laterally and end to end via bordered pits

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19
Q

tracheids

A

elongated, pointed ends
lack perforation plates
joined at ends via overlapping bordered pits
gymnosperms only have tracheids, no vessel members
both cell types have advantages and disadvantages

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20
Q

phloem

A

nutrient transport
complex tissue: fibers, parenchyma, sieve tube
primary and secondary
sieve tubes

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21
Q

primary phloem

A

in vascular bundles in young stems and roots

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22
Q

secondary phloem

A

outside xylem in longer lived plants

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23
Q

sieve tubes

A

conducting elements that transport sugar from leaves, formed from sieve tube members connected end to end

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24
Q

sieve tube parts

A

central part of cell becomes full of p-protein
companion cells
sieve areas
sieve plate
gymnosperms have sieve cells with no sieve plated at their ends

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25
Q

companion cells

A

connect to sieve tube member
regulate metabolism
loading and unloading

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26
Q

sieve areas

A

clusters of pores in sieve tube member walls

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27
Q

sieve plate

A

sections of sieve areas on ends of sieve tube members

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28
Q

dermal tissue cells

A

epidermal cells
stomata
trichomes

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29
Q

epidermis

A

outer covering of plant
protection, gas exchange, photosynthesis, defense
epidermal cells, guard cells, trichomes
epidermal cells: elongated, alive at maturity, irregular walls
outer walls covered with cutin

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30
Q

stoma

A

pore for gas exchange surrounded by two guard cells

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31
Q

subsidiary cell

A

assists with opening and closing of stomata

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32
Q

guard cells and stomata

A

stoma
subsidiary cell
many stomatal adaptations and processes for optimum growth and moisture conservation

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33
Q

trichomes

A

hairlike epidermal growths
occur on multiple organs: root hairs, leaf trichomes
many shapes
can be galndular or not

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34
Q

periderm

A

protective layer on older stems/roots
phellum
cork cambium/phellogen
phelloderm

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35
Q

phellem

A

in periderm
outer cork cells with waxy suberin cell walls
dead at maturity

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36
Q

cork cambium/phellogen

A

in periderm
layer of dividing cork cells

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37
Q

phelloderm

A

in periderm
inner layer of longer-lived, parenchyma-like cells

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38
Q

meristems

A

sites of cell division and differentiation
sources of cells and tissues
apical meristem: growth at tip
primary meristem: growth upward
secondary meristem: growth outard

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39
Q

apical dominance

A

tendency of plants to grow upward at the apex (tip)
why carvings on trees stay at same level

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40
Q

primary meristems

A

elongate root and shoot tips
form primary tissues
protoderm: dermal tissues
procambium: primary xylem and phloem
grounde meristem: cortex and pith

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41
Q

secondary meristems

A

lateral growth
allows plants to grow thicker, increase circumference
not all species/organs have secondary growth
vascular cambium: develops secondary xylem and phloem
cork cambium: develops periderm

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42
Q

3 functions of roots

A

anchoring and supporting plants
absorbing water and nutrients
conducting material into plant body

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43
Q

rhizosphere

A

point of contact between roots and soil
thin zone (few mm), chemically complex
rich in microbes (bacteria, fungi)

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44
Q

root systems

A

2 kinds: fibrous, taproots
different anatomy, developmental pathways
characteristics of different plant groups and growth forms

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45
Q

taproots

A

single main root
branches develop from main axis
advantageous for reaching water deep in soil
common in desert plants
can be modified for storage
ex: carrot

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46
Q

fibrous roots

A

many main roots, heavily branched
no central axis
annuals may grow large fibrous root systems in one season
typical of monocots

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47
Q

adventitious roots

A

roots that arise from stem or leaf tissue
allow plants to propogate vegetatively and spead within habitats
many application in horticultures: cuttings, layering

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48
Q

prop roots

A

support plant stem or branches
arising from stems = adventitious
ex: corn, banyan`

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49
Q

pneumatophores

A

adventitious roots allow gas exchange
common in aquatic habitats
ex: bald cypress, mangrove

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50
Q

root tip: root cap

A

protects root apical meristem
site of gravity perception by roots
root cap cells slough off root tip, can persist and live in rhizosphere

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51
Q

root tip: root apical meristem

A

includes a quiscent center: site of very slow cell division, possible function for hormones
cells also divide to form root cap
forms 3 meristems: protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

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52
Q

region of elongation

A

immediately basal to root apical mersitem
division stops, elongation and differentiation begins
cells not yet mature

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53
Q

region of maturation

A

site of maturation of differentiated cell types
site of root hair formation
location varies: sometimes close to root tip, sometimes farther back

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54
Q

root epidermis

A

formed from protoderm, which differentiates into epidermal cells and root hairs
typically 1 cell layer thick
some species develop layered, complex epidermis for water absorption and storage
ex: aerial roots on orchids

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55
Q

root hairs

A

single cells, pectin and cellulose walls
sticky: adhere to soil
short lived, constantly regenerated
most root surface area is on root hairs
site of nutrient absorption

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56
Q

cortex

A

derived from ground meristem
mostly parenchyma cells
endoermis
casparian strip
exodermis

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57
Q

endodermis

A

cortex
innermost layer
single cell
thickness
regulates mineral absorption

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58
Q

casparian strip

A

cortex
waxy protective layer on walls of endodermal cells

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59
Q

exodermis

A

cortex
additional cell layer with casparian strips adjacent to dermis in some species

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60
Q

vascular cylinder

A

central section to root
develops from procambium
primary xylem in central core/ring
morphology is different in monocots vs eudicots
monocot=ring with pith
dicot=core

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61
Q

xylem development

A

protoxylem
metaxylem
thick cell walls with pits for lateral transport
protoxylem can be crushed at metaxylem development

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62
Q

protoxylem

A

first xylem to mature
outer layer
can transport water while roots elongate
flexible

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63
Q

metaxylem

A

last xylem to mature
inner layer
matures after elongation is complete
rigid

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64
Q

phloem

A

forms between protoxylem arms
protophloem: first phloem to mature, functions during elongation
metaphloem: forms later, functions during maturity

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65
Q

pericycle

A

outer border of the vascular cylinder
single cell layer
site of lateral root formation
contrubutes to vascular cambium formation and cork cambium formation (Not in monocots)

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66
Q

secondary growth in roots

A

initiated by division of pericycle cells and residual procambium cells
- vascular cambium forms inside pericycle
- increasing secondary growth causes pericycle to split and destroy epidermis
- pericycle converts to cork cambium, initiates bark growth

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67
Q

rhizobium

A

n-fixing bacteria
infect legume roots
form nodules
allows plants to use atmospheric nitrogen that would normally be unavailable

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68
Q

mycorrhizae

A

fungus root
found in 90% of plants
improve nutrient absorption (Phosphorus)
fungi get carbon from plants, plants benefit from increased root surface area, water, nutrient uptake

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69
Q

arbuscles

A

tree like structures within cells
found in most plant families
fungal hyphae penetrate plant root cells, branch

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70
Q

ectomycorrhizae

A

form fungal mantle covering outside of roots
EM fungi dont penetrate root cells
found in pine, oak, birch families

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71
Q

shoot system

A

stems support leaves, flowers, fruit
conduct water from roots, sugars from leaves
leaves are considered part of shoot system, but a separate organ from stem

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72
Q

stem module

A

leaf
bud
segment of internode

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73
Q

internode

A

section of stem between nodes

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74
Q

node

A

point of attachment of different modules
buds and leaves found at nodes

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75
Q

shoot apical meristem

A

cell division
development of other meristems

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76
Q

protoderm (shoot)

A

outermost meristem
becomes epidermis

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77
Q

ground meristem (shoot)

A

center of shoot tip
becomes pith and cortex

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78
Q

procambium

A

becomes xylem and phloem

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79
Q

dicot stem anatomy

A

xylem and phloem arranged in vascular cylinder
primary xylem to inside
primary phloem to outside
central pith (ground tissue)
leaf trace: vascular bundle that enters leaves

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80
Q

monocot stems anatomy

A

term: atactosteele
vascular bundles scattered through ground tissue
some have hollow stems
most dont develop secondary growth
primary thickening meristem: contributes to elongation and thickening, allows monocot stems to be same diameter at base and tip

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81
Q

woody plants secondary growth

A

originates in vascular cambium
cell division orginates in residual procambium
fascicular and interfascicular cambium form a complete ring of vascular cambium

82
Q

fascicular cambium vs interfascicular

A

fascicular: residual procambium cells in bundles
interfascicular: cells between bundles

83
Q

how do woody plants develop secondary vascular tissue

A

vascular cambium divides in 2 directions:
secondary xylem forms inside
secondary phloem forms outside
fusiform intials: (longitudinal transport)
ray intials (radical transport)

84
Q

fusiform initials

A

vascular camboum cells that develpo axial system, including vessel members
longitudinal transport
help develop seconary vascular tissue

85
Q

ray initials

A

vascular cambium cells that form the ray system, including ray parenchyma and ray tracheids
radical transport
help develop secondary vascular tissue

86
Q

annual rings

A

yearly growth of secondary xylem

87
Q

dendrochronology

A

use of tree rings to study past ecology
climate distrubance human activity

88
Q

springwood/earlywood

A

large cells from spring growth spurt

89
Q

summerwood/latewood

A

smaller cells from later season growth

90
Q

woody stem anatomy

A

heartwood
tyloses
sapwood
knot

91
Q

heartwood

A

dead secondary vascular tissue
often blocked with resin or other cells

92
Q

tyloses

A

parenchyma cell grows into vessel, blocking ti

93
Q

sapwood

A

functioning xylem in woody stem

94
Q

knot

A

embedded base of old branch

95
Q

categories of vessel structure for wood

A

ring porous wood
diffuse porous wood
different responses to water stress

96
Q

ring porous wood

A

large diameter vessels located mostly in springwood
ex: oak, hickory

97
Q

diffuse porous wood

A

large diameter vessels located throughout
ex: maple, elm

98
Q

gymnosperm vs angiosperm wood

A

gymnosperm: mostly tracheids, simple rays, resin ducts
angiosperms: multiple cell types, complex grains

99
Q

bark

A

derived from periderm
all tissues from vascular cambium to stem exterior

100
Q

secondary phloem

A

forms to outer side of vascular cambium

101
Q

periderm

A

cork cambium
phellem outside na dphelloderm inside
phelloderm is waxy, protective

102
Q

lenticel

A

loose parenchyma cluster for gas exchange
in bark

103
Q

buds

A

compressed branch leaf or flower
bud scales: modified protective leaves
leaves and vascular bundles leave distinct scars: leaf scar, bundle trace
bud scale scars separate annual growth

104
Q

tubers

A

enlarged underground stems
allow storage
ex: potato

105
Q

corms

A

short underground stems with thin, paper like leaf coverings
allow storage

106
Q

bulbs

A

small modified stem surrounded by thickened storage leaves
allow storage
ex: onion, crocus

107
Q

stolons

A

horizontal above ground stems
allow vegetative spread
ex: strawberry

108
Q

rhizomes

A

below ground horizontal stems
allow vegetative spread
ex: iris, ginger, grasses

109
Q

modifications to shoots defend plants

A

thorns: stem growth in leaf axils
spines: modified leaves (not stem tissue)
prickles: cluster of modified epidermal cells

110
Q

facultative vs obligate parasites

A

obligate: require host to grow and complete life cycle
faculative: do not require host

111
Q

parasitic plants obtaining carbon

A

obtain from hosts instead of photosynthesis
parasites tap into host vascular tissue with haustoria
can attach to roots or stems

112
Q

haustorium

A

rootlike absorbing organ
can arise from root or stem tissue
allow parasites to tap into vascular tissue

113
Q

holoparasitic plants

A

have no chlorophyll
obligate, all carbon from hosts
often unusual colors (yellow, red, brown)
may be only visible when flowering

114
Q

beechdrops

A

parasitic on american beech roots
holoparasitic ex

115
Q

bear corn

A

holoparasitic ex
paraistic on red oak

116
Q

one flower cancer root

A

holoparasitic ex
parasitic on many species

117
Q

hemiparasitic plants

A

photosynthesize and parasitize
facultative or obligate (some carbon from hosts)
often green and have leaves
ex:
- mistletoe: tree branch parasite
- wood betony: grass root parasite

118
Q

parasitic plants and biodiversity

A

may be important food for animals
parasitism can prevent competitive species from dominating
betony in prarie restorations = more diversity

119
Q

rafflesia arnoldii

A

largest flower
found in sumatra and bornero
parasitizes one species
also a carrion flower: odor mimics rotting meat

120
Q

beechdrops and history

A

beechdrops are limited to old forests with large beeches
beech is slow growing
bear corn also requires large individual host trees

121
Q

large trees and age

A

large trees do not mean old forest

122
Q

mycoheterotrophic plants

A

obtain carbon from fungi
3 way relationship between green plants, fungi, and non-photosynthetic parasite
1. plants obtain carbon from photosynthesis
2. mycorrhizal fungi trade nutrient absorption from carbon
3. chlorophyll-less plants take carbon from fungi
only visible at flowering

123
Q

mycoheterotrophs in pittsburgh

A

ghost plant
pinesap
coralroot orchids

124
Q

carnivory

A

plants eat insects with their leaves to obtain nutrients
most also photosynthesize
common in nutrient-poor habitats
nitrogen and minerals from insects
multiple mechanisms to trap prey

125
Q

pitcher

A

modified leaf containing digestive enzyme
insects may be lured by fragrance and fall in
passive mechanism of carbivory

126
Q

nepenthes lowii

A

shaped like a toilet
obtains nitrogen from shrew feces

127
Q

trap leaves

A

sticky mucilage adhesive traps prey
insects difested on leaf surface
ex: sundrews, butterwort
passive mechanism of carnivory

128
Q

active mechanism of carnivory

A

snap trap
bladder traps

129
Q

snap traps

A

motion of prey triggers closure
trap close after motion of 3 trigger hairs
ex: venus flytrap

130
Q

bladder traps

A

generate vacuum via ion pumping
trigger hairs open trap, release vacuum
ex: bladderwort

131
Q

flying ointments

A

said to be used in witchraft
cause delirium

132
Q

leaf functions

A

photosynthesis
thin leaves = ample surface area for light absorption
transpiration leads to water loss

133
Q

leaf structure of simple leaves

A

blade
petiole
midrib
may be lobed
ex: oak, maple, elm

134
Q

blade

A

photosynthetic area of leaf

135
Q

petiole

A

stalk that holds leaf up
allows movement

136
Q

midrib

A

central vein of leaf

137
Q

leaf structure compound leaves

A

divided into multiple leaflets
each leaflet is a subunit of leaf blade
rachnis: central axis
ex: walnut, hickory, buckeye

138
Q

pinnate compound

A

leaflets along central axis

139
Q

bipinnate compound

A

leaflets along veins emerging from central axis

140
Q

palmate compound

A

leaflets arranged from a single point

141
Q

leaf structure of monocot leaves

A

parallel veins
sheath: leaf base wrapping around stem
ligule: tissue extending upward from leaf, over stem
intercalary meristem: site of cell division at base of leaf, allows continuous growth

142
Q

heterophylly

A

multiple leaf shapes per plants

143
Q

leaf shape and light

A

shade: wider, more surface area
sun: narrower, more dissected

144
Q

leaf shape age

A

changes at maturity
ex: english ivy

145
Q

phyllotaxis

A

leaf arrangement
opposite: leaves opposite on stem
alternate: leaves alternate on stem
whorled: 3 or more leaves on one node
spiral: leaves arranged in spiral along stem

146
Q

epidermis of leaf

A

outer layer
composed of a single cell layer
site of gas exchanage and protection
epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidary cells, trichomes

147
Q

stomata

A

openings in leaf surface
allows gas exchange
bordered by guard cells that allow opening and closing
typically on leaf undersides to minimize water looss
1000-1000s of stomte per square cm

148
Q

trichomes function

A

defense: secondary compounds to deter herbivory
heat protection: thick layer of white/silver hairs to insulate and reflect light
carnivory: trichomes with adhesives

149
Q

photosynthesis leaves

A

occur in mesophyll: parenchyma cells with chloroplasts
chloroplasts photosynthesize and move within cells

150
Q

mesophyll tissue

A

palisade meosphyll
spongy mesophyll
substomatal chamber

151
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

paslisade parenchyma closely packed for light exposure

152
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

spongy parenchyma with air spaces for gas exchange

153
Q

substomatal chamber

A

air space near stomata
exposed cell walls allow for gas exchange

154
Q

veins in leaves

A

transport water and nutrients
vascular tissue extends into leaves where the xylem is near upper surface and phloem near lower surface
vascular tissues are surrounded by collenchyma for support

155
Q

xerophytes

A

found in dry habitats
- stomatal crypts: sunken stomata within leaf
thick cuticles: waxy coating prevents waer loss
fibers: help leaves retain shape in drought
succulence: water storage in leaf or stem
ex: agave, jade plant, oleander

156
Q

hydrophytes

A

found in awuatic habitats
- thin leaves and cuticles: no need to conserve water
- stomata on upper leaf surface of floating plants
ex: water lily, pickerelweed, skunk cabbage, water hyacinth

157
Q

modified leaves types

A

purpose: support and defense
tendrils
spines
bulb scales

158
Q

tendrils

A

modified leaves or leaflets that wrap arround support
allow plants to climb

159
Q

spines

A

hardened leaves or stipules for defense

160
Q

bulb scales

A

below ground storage leaves attached to bulbs
modified branches

161
Q

leaves as organs

A

temporary: limited life spans and fall off
hormonal signals cause nutrients to return from leaf to stem
vascular tissues are pluguged
leaaves fall off, sbcission layer hardens for protection which forms leaf scar

162
Q

abscission

A

leaf separation
abscission layer: specialized weak tissues

163
Q

traits of true fungi

A

heterotrophic: nutrients from environment, do not photosynthesize
chitinized cell walls
reproduction by sporces
sporce cell walls protect from dehydration

164
Q

fungal body

A

thallus
mycelium
hyphae

165
Q

thallus

A

fungi
body composed of multiple cells without specialized conducting tisusues

166
Q

mycelium

A

fungal thallus of branched hyphae

167
Q

hyphae

A

filaments, make up mycelium of fungi
can be microscopic but become visible when aggregated
growth occurs at tips of hhyphae

168
Q

chemotrophism

A

growth toward food in response to chemical signals for fungi

169
Q

feeding and digestion of fungi

A

digestive enzymes are secreted at tips of hyphae
fook upate via active transport: water enters hyphae via osmosis
water pressure causes hyphae to expand and extend deeper into food source

170
Q

fungal nutrient transport

A

transported via pressure gradients
fungi feed via absorption through cell walls

171
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

controlled flow of particles
nutrient transport in fungi

172
Q

septa

A

cross walls of hyphae
sepatal pore: openings to allow transport of nutrients

173
Q

asexual reproduction in fungi

A

mitospores
conidia
conidophores
in many species, sexual reproduction has never been oberved

174
Q

mitospores

A

small parts of parent fungus

175
Q

conidia

A

spores formed at the tips of hyphae

176
Q

conidoophores

A

spore bearing hyphae

177
Q

parasexual cycle

A

hyphae fuse
nuclei mingle without meiosis

178
Q

heterokaryotic fungi

A

contain more than one genotype

179
Q

haploid state of fungi

A

possible with chromosome loss

180
Q

meiospores

A

sexual spores with genes from two parents
fungi
produced through meiosis after 2 different individuals fuse
nuclei fuse –> undergo meiosis –> produce recombinant spores
genetic variation: survival in diverse habitats

181
Q

mycorrhizae

A

symbiosis with palant roots and fungi

182
Q

microbial communities

A

in ruminant animals
fungi assist with digestion

183
Q

leafcutter ant fungal farms

A

fungi grow on leaf pieces
tended by ants
dispersed with new nest construction

184
Q

pathogens

A

mostly parasites or pathogens of plants

185
Q

saprobes

A

decomposers
feed on decaying organic matter

186
Q

fungi multiple lifestyles

A

some fungi can be both pathogens and saprobes
wood decay fungi may kill trees and continue feeding on dead wood

187
Q

fungi phyla

A

chytridiomycota
scomycota
basidiomycota
zygomycota
glomeromycota

188
Q

chytridiomycota

A

fungi phyla
1000 named species
flagelleated swimming cells
found in wet habitats
sexual reproduction: unkown
decomposers: digest algae and plants

189
Q

zygomycota

A

fungi phyla
1100 described species
saprobes and parasites
sexual and asexual reproduction
ex: rhizopus stolonifer

190
Q

ascomycota

A

cup fungi
32000 named species
both sexual and sexual (conidial) stages
ascoma: fruiting body
ascus: meiosporangium
ascospores: meiospores producued in ascus

191
Q

ascomycete diversity

A

penicilloum: kitchen molds, used in cheese
bakers yeast: bread, beer
aspergillus: kitchen mold, dangerous but some useful for food production
powdery mildew: plant pathogen

192
Q

lichens

A

symbioses of ascomycetes with algae or cyanobacteria
135000 species
lichens named for fungal partner
many growt forms found in all ecosystems

193
Q

glomeromycota

A

arbuscular mycorrhizae
sexual production: unkown
asexual: mitospores at tip of hyphae, not in sporgania
large spores 1mm)
early plant fossils contain them

194
Q

basidiomycota

A

26000 named species
produce largest fruiting structures
mushrooms, rusts, smuts
decomposers, pathogens, mycorrhizae

195
Q

hymenomycetes

A

type of basidiomycota
14000 species
sexual fruting bodies, primary sexual
mushrooms, bracket fungi
many are mycorrhizal or saprobes

196
Q

urediniomycetes

A

type of basidiomycota
rust diseases: complex life cycles with alternate host plants
major plant diseases
ex: wheat rust, cedar apple rust

197
Q

ustilaginomyctes

A

smuts and hutilacoche
host specific

198
Q

smuts

A

type of ustilaginomycetes (basidiomycota)
pathogens of green plants
produce masses of black hyphae

199
Q

hutilacoche

A

type of ustilaginomycetes (basidiomycota)
mycelia take over corn kernals
hijak development

200
Q

slime molds

A

protists, not fungi
no chitin in cell wall
produce sporangia
plasmodium: aggregate of undivided cytoplasm, many nuclei
may be plasmodial or cellular
many taxanomic groups

201
Q

basidiomycota types

A

hymenomycetes
urediniomycetes
ustilaginomycetes

plant bio (3 decks)

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