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plant bio exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how to classify organisms:

A

growth form
visible traits
uses

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2
Q

linnean system

A

classification by number/arrangement of stamens and pistils

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3
Q

stamens

A

male reproductive part

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4
Q

pistils

A

female reproductive part

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5
Q

hierarchical classification

A

species within genera within families etc

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6
Q

taxon

A

any taxonomic group at any level

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7
Q

systematics

A

determination of evolutionary relatinoships between organisms

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8
Q

plesiomorphy

A

ancestral character state of a clade

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9
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

shared ancestral state shared by multiple clades

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10
Q

apomorphy

A

derived character state distinct from ancestors

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11
Q

synapomorphy

A

shared character state from common ancestor

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12
Q

autoppomorphy

A

character state or trait unique to one taxon

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13
Q

homoplasy

A

shared character state not derived from a common ancestor

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14
Q

convergent evolution

A

revealed by cladograms

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15
Q

mmonophyletic

A

clade includes common ancestor and all descendents

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16
Q

paraphyletic

A

includes common ancestor but not all descendants

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17
Q

polyphyletic

A

does not include common ancestor

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18
Q

homologous

A

arising from ancestral state

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19
Q

example of homologous relationship

A

vascular tissue in flowering plants and ferns

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20
Q

analogous relationship

A

common character states arising through convergent evolution
example: spines on cacti and euphorbia
SAME TRAIT, DIFFERENT LINEAGE

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21
Q

morphological species

A

similar morphology within group, distinct from others

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22
Q

biological species

A

can breed with each other, not with other groups

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23
Q

ecological species

A

species is a group of organisms adapted to a specific niche

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24
Q

evolutionary species

A

single evolutionary lineage distinct from each other

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25
Q

unified species concept

A
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26
Q

how to delineate species

A
  • collect specimens
  • morphological measurements
  • genetic analysis and molecular systematics
  • ecological and biogeographic analyses
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27
Q

type specimen

A

originally used to descibe or designate a species

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28
Q

holytpe

A

the one specimen or illustration used by the authors as the nomenclatural type

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29
Q

prokaryotic relatives and origin

A
  • cells lack nuclei
  • includes bacteria and arachaea
  • photosynthesis and other chemical pathways are shared
  • archea thought to be ancestors of eukaryotes
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30
Q

protists

A

cells with nuclei

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31
Q

eukaryotes

A
  • not a monophyletic group
  • multiple lineages: algae, slime molds, amoebas, protozoa
  • algae are photsynthetic protists
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32
Q

how many types of algae

A

20-30 thousand

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33
Q

algae

A

photosynthetic, single cell gamets
multiple lineages

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34
Q

algae cells

A
  • cell walls composed of polysaccharides including agar, cellulose carrageenan, algin
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35
Q

algae growth forms

A

sheets, filaments, colonies, unicelleular

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36
Q

phycology

A

study of algae

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37
Q

brown algae

A
  • marine species
  • typical in shallow water
  • chlorophyll a and b
  • fycoxanthin pigments
  • cellulose and algin cell walls
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38
Q

red algae

A
  • mostly marine and multicellular
  • cellulose cell walls
  • red pigments called phycobilins allow photosynthesis in deep water
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39
Q

green algae

A
  • ancestors of land plants
  • mostly freshwater
  • pigments: chlorophyll a and b, carotinoids
  • cellulose cell walls
  • ex: chlorophytes and charophytes
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40
Q

chlorophyta

A
  • most are unicellular
  • flagella for transport
  • freshwater, marine, terrestrial species
  • some are extremophillic: able to live in extreme environments
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41
Q

charaophyta

A
  • ancestors of land plants
  • freshwater aquatic species
  • flagella present or absent
  • flagellated sperm present in some groups
  • diverse and specialized reproduction
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42
Q

bryophyta

A

mosses, liverworts, hornworts
- no seeds
- no vascular tissue
- diverse

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43
Q

bryophyte life cycle

A

gamete generation: haploid (1n)
separate male and female
- egg and sperm meet, fertilization occurs, which produces:

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44
Q

gemetophyte generation

A
  • the leafy part
  • dominant in bryophytes
  • cuticle: waxy covering to prevent dehydration
  • rhixoids: rootlike structures for anchoring plants to substrate
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45
Q

gametangia

A

multicellular structures that house gametes

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46
Q

archegonium

A

female, egg

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47
Q

antheridium

A

male, sperm

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48
Q

sporphyte generation

A
  1. sperm and egg join to form a diploid zygote
  2. sporophytes emerge from the gametophyte body
  3. sporophyte produces haploid spores via meiosis
  4. spores are dispersed via wind and water
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49
Q

mosses

A

familiar bryophtyes
may have contributed to ordovician ice ages
some of the most economically and culturally important bryophytes

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50
Q

gametophyte development

A

spores require moisture to germinate

51
Q

protonema

A

threadlike structure
allows vegetative propagation o gametophyte

52
Q

antheidia

A

bear sperm
gametophyte

53
Q

archegonia

A

egg within gametophyte

54
Q

gametophyte

A

leafy part of bryophyte

55
Q

antheridia and archegonia

A

leaf arrangements at here retain moisture
mature sperm are released in presence of moisture

56
Q

foot

A

point of connection to the gametophyte, allows water and nutrient acquisition
moss sporophyte

57
Q

seta

A

stalk of moss sporphyte

58
Q

calyptra

A

remnant of archegonium of moss sporophyte

59
Q

operculum

A

protective lid on the capsule

60
Q

persitome teeth

A

sensitive to water, assist dispersal
moss sporphyte

61
Q

peats

A

sphagnum forms peat bogs
diverse, unique ecosystems
immense carbon storage
historical uses for constuction, fuel, and more

62
Q

ecology of bryophytes

A

nutrient cycling
ecological succession
building soil on barren surfaces
facilitating establishment of vascular plants

63
Q

liverworts

A

named for resemblance to lobes of a liver
found in moist habitats
about 9k species
can be leafy or thalloid

64
Q

gametophyte vs sporophyte

A

in bryophytes
gametophytes: haploid (one chromosome set), produces gametes and zygotes which sporophytes arise from, developed from meiosis
sporophytes: diploid (2 chromosome sets), developed from zygote, produces spores, mitosis

65
Q

archeognium

A

female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns

66
Q

liverwort gametophyte anatomy

A

leafy liverworts: leaf and stem-like structures
thallus: flat, ribbon-like, lobed body structure of thalloid liverworts
gemmae: haploid cell, cell mass, or bud of tissue, allows vegetative propagation by detachment
gemma cups: cuplike receptacles for gemmae
antheridophore: antheridium, sperm
archegoniphore: archegonium, egg

67
Q

liverwort sporophyte anatomy

A

sporophytes inconspicuous, may be concealed within gametophyte
seta: gametophyte stalk, moves sporophyte above thallus surface

68
Q

hornworts

A

thalloid
symbiotic with nostoc (n-fixing)
archegonia and antheridia embedded in thallus
sporophytes are upright capsules that split to disperse spores

69
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

multiple phyla
lycophytes: club and spike mosses
monilophytes: ferns
no seeds
variable life cycles

70
Q

early vascular plants

A

sillurain period
rhynia is an early follis traceheophyte

71
Q

biological shifts in the tracehophyta

A

free living sporophyte, reduced gametophyte
vascular tissue (Xylem) in sporophytes for water transport
dichotomous branching
multiple sporangia at branch tips
vascular tissue anatomy varies between groups

72
Q

selection and vascular plants

A

high spore mortality = high selection pressure
producing lots of spores is afvantageous
more sporophytes per gametophyte OR more sporangia per sporophyte

73
Q

selection and vascular plants development

A

early vascular plants had more sporangia per sporophyte
larger sporophytes needed water and stiffer supporting stems
selection pressure to develop stronger tissues and water transport developed the central sstem thickened with ligin

74
Q

advantages of vascular tissue

A

no longer dependent on wet habitats
water transport - tolerate more habitats
development of more complex growth forms
widespread diversification

75
Q

phylum lycophyta

A

club mosses
spikemosses
quillworts
no acctual mosses

76
Q

ancient lycophyta

A

coal swamps were dominated by seedless vascular plants
fossils are common in our area

77
Q

lycophyte anatomy: stem

A

vascular tissues: xylem and pholem within the stems vascular cylinder
stems also differentiated into epidermis, cortex
rhizome: horizontal stem, allows pread over surfaces
clonal propagation is common

78
Q

lypophyte anatomy: leaf

A

microphyll: small leaf
sporophyll: sporangium-bearing leaf
sporophylls are arranged into a conelike strobilus
spores are exploisve, flammable

79
Q

lycopodium life cycle

A

alternation of generations
differences from bryophytes: gametophyte is reduced, sporpohyte s dominant
lycopodium is homosporous: one spore type, one sporangium

80
Q

sellaginella

A

spikemosses
microphyll leaves
ligule: organ on leaf, secretes protective fluid (not in lycopodium)
rhozophore: meristematic tissue, can form roots or stem

81
Q

selaginella life cycle

A

heterosporous: 2 spore types, 2 gametophyte types
megaspore: forms megagametophyte with archengonia (eff)
unisexual gametophytes
megagametophyte: Contains egg
microspore: contains sperm

82
Q

megaspore

A

selaginella life cycle
megasporocyte divides to form 3 large megaspores
megagametophytes form within spore and released when conditions are right
archegonia develop

83
Q

microspore

A

selaginella life cycle
microsporanigum contains diploid microsporocytes
meisois creates 4 microspores each, form from microgametophyte (antheridium surrounded by a spore wall)
sperm cells released with moisture
diploid zygotes form at fertilization, forms embryo and differentiates into adult sporophyte

84
Q

heterospory and homospory

A

homospores: small, lightweight, few resources
heterospores: large and heavier, nutrition and protection, more parental investment
dispersal vs provisions for offspring
heterospory has evolved multiple times, important step toward seeds

85
Q

isoetes

A

quillworts
aquatic for whole life cycle
most/all microphylls are sporophylls
heterosporous
confined to special habitats

86
Q

isoetes phylogeny

A

multiflagellate sperm
secondary woody growth, heterospory, ligules

87
Q

phylum moniophyta

A

seedless tracheotypes other than lycophytes
megaphyll: large leaf
multiple vascular bundles, branched vascular bundles within the leaf

88
Q

psilophytes

A

whisk ferns
found in human tropical and subtropical regions
enations: reduced leaflike growths on stem that lack vascular tissue, thought to originate from leaves
no true roots, only rhizoids
strong associations with symbiotic fungi
synangium: sporangia are fused in groups of 3 or more
homosporous, produce bisexual gametophyte that are non-photosynthetic
1 egg per archegonium
sperm are multiflagellate, arranged in coils

89
Q

ophioglassales

A

largest number of chromosomes
separate fertile (spore-bearing) and sterile (photosynthetic) segments
horizontal roots, strongly mycorrhizal
young fronds are not coiled

90
Q

sphenophytes

A

horse tails
moist habitats
highly clonal, sometimes agressive

91
Q

horsetail anatomy

A

vertical stems grow from branched rhizomes
stems are whorled at each node
microphyllls (derived from megaphylls)
stems have large central canal surrounded by smaller canals and vascular bundels
valleculalr canals within cortex
carinal canals within vascular bundles

92
Q

horsetial reproduction (spehnophyte)

A

strobilli bear sporangiophores
homosporous
extinct groups may be heterosporous
elaters: spiral, ribbonlike structure on spores, aid in dispersal
(curl and uncurl with humidity)

93
Q

origins of horsetails (sphenophytes)

A

devonian origins
coal swamp flora
many growth forms including vines and trees
calamites: tree form of horsetail

94
Q

marratiales

A

fronds: compound leaf, often large
found in true ferns
curled young frond (fiddleheads)
differences from true ferns: distinct sporangium
upright stems, most are tropical

95
Q

true ferns

A

at least 12k species
ophioglossales and marattiales are sep. lineages
true ferns have leptosporangia
other tracheophytes have esuporania

96
Q

frond

A

true fern sterms are underground
frond: above ground leaf
uncurls as a spiral protective growth form
morphology is highly variable

97
Q

leptosporangium

A

derived from single cell
wall, 1 cell thick, talk
active opening to disperse spores via an annulus
sorus/sori: cluster of sorangia
indusium: protective covering on many sori

98
Q

fern reproduction

A

usually homosporous
some species have separate fertile fronds
take 1-10 years to reach spore-bearing maturity
sori arrangement and location are key indentifying characteristcs
spores require water, sometimes light

99
Q

ferm gametophyte

A

spores germinate, produce filaments, develope into prothallus
gametophytes are functionally unisexual despite being homosporous
developing sporphyte eventually becomes independent

100
Q

vegetative propagation of ferns

A

rhizomes allow clonal spread
some form vast clones over time
bulbets/pups: new plants for on frontds
walking ferns: frond tips root, form new plant
allows spread in quality habitat

101
Q

gymnosperms

A

seed plants
vascular tissues
no flowers

102
Q

progymnosperms

A

early transitional group with spores, similar traits to modern gymnosperms
woody secondary vascular tissue
tree like growth forms

103
Q

seed ferns

A

earliest seed bearing plants
seeds attached to fronds
secondary vascular tissue

104
Q

seed development

A

ovules develope from megasporangia
integumnet: protective covering
micropyle: opening to allow fertilization
nucellus: megasporanium tissue, generates megaspores via meiois, provides nutrition
megaspore –> megagametophyte –> egg cell

105
Q

seed

A

ovules become seeds after fertilization
micropyle closes, embryo develops
seed = mature fertilized ovule
- protective seed coat (hardened integumnet)
stored food
plant embryo

106
Q

evollution of seeds

A

heterospory was a key step
one motile gamete (sperm)
one sedentary gamete (egg)
retention of megaspore and megagametophyte within the megaporanigum

107
Q

pollen

A

sperm may be motile, but cannot swim to megagemtophytes still within sporophytes tissue
pollen solves problem
pollen = immature microgametophyte
develops inside microsporanigum
2-5 haploid nuclei at dispersal

108
Q

pollen and fertilization

A

mitosis continues if pollen reaches an ovule, produces: 2 sperm cells
pollen tube: structure for conveying sperm to the egg
diploid zygote forms at fertilization

109
Q

advantages of seeds and pollent

A

water not required
protected megagametophytes
nutrition from parent plants during development and after dispersal
greater parental investment in seeds than spores
seed and pollen allowed seed plants to become dominant

110
Q

gymnosperm vegetative features

A

stem anatomy with distinct pith and cortex
primary vascular system: xylem and phloem tissues arragned in ring
secondary vascular tissue: lateral growth of secondary xylem and phloem
resin and resin canels

111
Q

microstrobilus

A

pollen cone
microsporophylls arranged along central axis
microsporangia release thousands of pollen grains
pollen dispersed by wind

112
Q

megastrobilus

A

ovulate cone
ovuliferous scales on central axids
ovules become seeds

113
Q

pine life cycle: seeds

A

seeds are released from strobilus at maturity
wind for dispersal
some cones require fire or other environmental cues to open

114
Q

lineages of modern gymnosperms

A

cycads
ginkgo
confiers
gnetophytes

115
Q

cyads

A

gymnosperms
large compound leaves
slow growing, long lived

116
Q

cyad reproduction

A

microstrobilus: male/pollen cone
megastrobilus: female/ovulate cone
dioecisu: separate male and female individuals
pollination by wind, sometimes beetles
seeds have fleshy coats

117
Q

gingko

A

only survivng member of its genus/family
found in china
dioecious
seeds have fleshy coat

118
Q

dioecous

A

separate male and female parts

119
Q

confiers

A

cone bearing
most economically important group of gymnosperms

120
Q

pinaceae

A

conifer family
pine, fir, spruce, hemlock, larch, cedar
needle leaves arranged in fasciles (clusters)
bare cones - no fleshy coverings

121
Q

cupressaceae

A

conifer family
includes juniper, cypress, bald cypress, redwoods
scale-like or pointed leaves
seeds in conves with woody or fleshy scales

122
Q

taxaceae

A

conifer family
long lifespans
needle leaves
seed enrobed in flesgt cover called aril
aril derived from junciton of seed and ovary
mostly dioecious

123
Q

gnetotypes

A

gymnosperm
whorled or opposite leaves
some traits are similar to flowering plants
sterile bracts on strobili
microstrobili: pollen-bearing structure resemble stamens
megastrobili: ovules surrounded by fleshy structure

124
Q

welwitschia

A

unique gnetophyte
namib desert
can live 2000 years
two loaves per plant
leaves are hard, udrable due to lignin and sclerid cells
sunken stomata, deep taproot

plant bio (3 decks)

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