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plant bio exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

angiosperm

A

enclosed seed

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2
Q

ovary

A

part of flower
ovules are enclosed in ovary

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3
Q

sporpophyte/gametophyte in angiosperms

A

sporophyte becomes more important and complex
gametophyte becomes reduced, less complex

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4
Q

origin of angiosperms

A

flower plants appeard in cretaceous suddenly, exploded
ancestors diverged early

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5
Q

archaefructus

A

seeds in ovaries, found in aquatic habitats

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6
Q

seed plant phylogeny

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms: seeds
angiosperms: flowers, fruit, double fertilization, non-motile sperm

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7
Q

distinct features of angiosperms

A
  • improved vascular efficiency
  • flowers: modified branches and leaves for reproduction
  • fruit: ovaries, new forms of seed dispersal and protection
  • different life cycle: more efficient fertilization, reduced gametophytes save energy
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8
Q

seedling hypothesis

A

angiosperms have shorter generation time, rapid growth rate, highly competitive

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9
Q

flower anatomy: four whorls

A

sepals
pertals
perianth
stamens
carpels
flowers missing one or more whorls: incomplete

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10
Q

sepals

A

enclose bud and flower
together called calyx

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11
Q

petals

A

conscipicuous, often colorful
together form corolla

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12
Q

perianth

A

calyx and corolla together

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13
Q

stamens

A

male whorl (androecium), anthers

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14
Q

carpels

A

female whorl (gynoecium), stigma and style

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15
Q

flower architecture: structure

A

regular: radial symmetry, any line drawn through the flower will produce equal halves
irregular: bilateral symmetry, flower can only be divided into equal halves one way

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16
Q

flower arcihtecture: sex

A

pistilate (Imperfect)
staminate (imperfect)
monoecious
dioecius
bisexual (perfect)

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17
Q

pistillate

A

only pistils/carpels, also called carpellate

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18
Q

staminate

A

only stamens

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19
Q

monoecious

A

separate staminate/pistillate flower
same plant

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20
Q

dioecious

A

staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants

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21
Q

bisexual

A

(Perfect)
flower with both stamens and pistils

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22
Q

androeciu,

A

stamen: entire male organ, including anther and filament
filament: stalk that supports an anther
anther: pollen-producing organ
pollen sacs are inside anthers

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23
Q

pollen: male gametophyte

A

meiosis occurs in anthers, forms pollen
pollen=2 celled male gametophyte
generative cell: makes 2 sperm cells
tube cell: produces pollen tube

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24
Q

gynoecium

A

carpel or pistil: entire female part of the flower
stigma: tip of the carpel that receives pollen
style: supporting stalk
ovary: swollen chamber containing ovules

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25
Q

ovary

A

protection of seeds against drying and predation
pollen selectivity: pollen must germinate on style, grow correct pollen tube to pass through the style
seed= mature ovule
fruit=mature ovary

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26
Q

ovary positions

A

superior ovary: ovary above stamens/petals
inferio ovary: over below
hypanthium: fusion of lower whorls into a tube, can be found with multiple ovary positions

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27
Q

embryo sac

A

female gametophyte
- meiosis occurs in ovule, creates haploid 7-cell embryo sac
- 2 synergids (Direct the pollen tube)
- one egg
- 3 antipodals
- central cell with 2 polar nuclei

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28
Q

advantages of double fertilization

A

endosperm (Energy reserves) only created at fertilization
conserves resources
no loss of storage organs on unfertilized ovules
not just an energy source for plants
corn kernals=lots of endosperm
coconut water-liquid endosperm

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29
Q

apoximis

A

reproduction without fusion of sperm and egg

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30
Q

parthenogenesis

A

development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg

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31
Q

reproduction without fertilization

A

apomixis, aprthenogeneisis
embryo development can be stimulated by hormones without sperm present
groups that form apomictic seeds include citrus and mango

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32
Q

flowers are clustered

A
  • inflorescence: group or cluster of flowers, flowering branch, derived from modified branches
  • bract: leaflike structure at base of inflorescence
  • pedical: flower bearing stalk
  • peduncle: inflorescence-bearing stalk
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33
Q

inflorescence types

A
  • solitarty: single flwoer at the tip of a branch
  • spikeL multiple flowers attached to central axis (catkin)
  • raceme: each branch on the central axis ends in a flower
    panicle: a branched raceme
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34
Q

infloresence types 2

A
  • umbel: umbrella-like clusters of flowers at same level
  • cyme: flat-topped cluster with oldest flowers at center
  • corymb: flat topped cluster with youngest flowers at center
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35
Q

infloresence types 3

A
  • head: flowers lack pedicels and are crowded together on a very short axis, asters
  • spather and spadix: flowers on fleshy tyube (spadix) found in the arum family
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36
Q

seed vs fruit

A

seed=mature ovule
fruit=mature ovary
fruits help faciliate seed dispersal

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37
Q

fruit wall

A

pericarp
- exocarp: outmost
-mesocarp: middle
- endocarp: inner layer, near seeds
- accessory tissues: non-ovary tissue that is part of fruit

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38
Q

dehiscent fruit

A

split open at maturity

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39
Q

indehiscent fruit

A

dont split open at maturity

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40
Q

simple fruit

A

develops from one ovary

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41
Q

compound fruit

A

develops from more than one ovary

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42
Q

dry dehiscent fruits

A

legume/pod
capsule
follicle
sillique

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43
Q

legume or pod

A

dry dehesicnet
- seeds: beans
- pericarp: shell
- fruit arises from a single carpel
not all pods dehisce (open)

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44
Q

capsule

A

arises from a compound ovary (multiple carpels)
dehisces at top
ex: poppy

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45
Q

follicle

A

dry dehiscent
- develops from one carpel, opens on one side
ex: magnolia, milkweed

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46
Q

sillique

A

dry dehiscent
derived from superior ovary, splits into 3 parts at maturity with seeds on central portion
ex: mustard family

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47
Q

dry indehiscent fruits

A

achene
caryopsis
samara
schizocarp
nuts

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48
Q

achene

A

dry indehiscnet
one seeded fruit with pericarp and embryo separable
ex: sunflowers, sedges

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49
Q

caryopsis

A

dry indehiscent
one seeded fruit with pericarp and embryo united
ex: rice, wheat

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50
Q

samara

A

dry indehiscent
simple fruit with a wing like growth of ovary wall
can have 1-2 seed
ex: maple, elm

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51
Q

schizocarp

A

dry indehiscent
2 carpels split along midline at maturity
ex: carrot

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52
Q

nuts

A

dry indehiscent
hardened pericarp
ex: hickory, walnut, chesnut, oak, hazelnut
not nuts: peanut, almond, casheq

53
Q

fleshy fruits

A

drupe
berry
pome

54
Q

drupe

A

fleshy
one seed formed from a single carpel
hardened encocarp
fleshy mesocarp
thin exocarp (skin)
ex: cherry, peach, holly

55
Q

berry

A

fleshy fruit formed from compound ovary, multiple seeds
ex: tomato

56
Q

hesperidium

A

fleshy
thickened leathery exocarp and mesocarp (rind)
ex: citrus, banana

57
Q

pepo

A

fleshy
thickened outer wall of receptacle tissue fused with exocarp
flesh composed of mesocarp and endocarp
ex: squash, melon

58
Q

pome

A

fleshy fruit derived from inferior ovary
flesh is derived from hypanthium
core is derived from ovary
ex: apple

59
Q

aggregate fruit

A

aggregate fruit: formed from multiple carpels of one flower
ex: strawberry, rasberry
strawberry: multiple achenes on receptacle
rasberries: multiple drupes on receptable

60
Q

multiple fruit

A

formed from individual ovaries of multiple flowers
ex: fig, pineapple

61
Q

parthenocarpic and seedless fruit

A

parthenocarpy” development of fruit without fertilization
- can be triggered horticulturally (Hormone treatments, exposure to incompatible pollen)
some seedless fruit are sterile triploids

62
Q

the seed of fruit

A

fruit is essentially packaging for seeds
seed coat: hardened integument, protects embryo and prevents early germination
embryo: features variable between plant groups

63
Q

bean

A

funiculus is attachment to placental connection
hilum is resulting scar
micropyle: opening in seed coat at end of hilum
raphe: ridge at end of hilum

64
Q

bean embryo

A

cotyledons: embryonic leaves
embryo axis
radicle: embryonic root
epicotyl: embryonic shoot “above cotyledons”
hypocotyl: area below cotyledons

65
Q

monocot seed

A

grass (Includes corn, rice wheat, etc)
- coleorhiza: protective tip on radicle
- coleoptile: sheath over embryonic leaves
- plumile: embryonic shoot bud
- scutellum: single cotyledon, secretes chemicals that digest endosperm
- aleurone layer: fat and protein layer surrounding endosperm

66
Q

development and germination frutis

A

imbibition: water uptake, required for growth adna ctivation
radicle emergence: radicle imbibes water, swells, breaks through seed coverings and grows donward

67
Q

hypogeal germination

A

cotyledon remain underground

68
Q

epigeal germination

A

shoot straightens, raised cotyledons above ground

69
Q

dormancy

A

viable seeds may not germinate immediately, viability can persist for year
allows seeds to disperse in time, germinate in good contiions
cues required to break formancy: temp, moisture, heat, light, scarification of seed coat

70
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma

71
Q

self pollination

A

pollination within the same plant
selfing
does not result in genetic recombination

72
Q

cross pollination

A

pollination between 2 different individuals
outcrossing
allows genetic recombination

73
Q

selfing pros and cons

A

pros: allows pollination when populations are scattered or fragmented
allows pollination if a single plant is present, beneficial in disturbed habitats
saves energy of pollen production, selfers can produce less
cons: loss of genetic diversity, inbreeding

74
Q

mechanisms that minimize selfing

A

temporal separation: anthers mature before/after carpels
spatial separation: stamens and carpels physically far enough to minimize contact
gender shifts (jack i the pulpit)

75
Q

quantitative gender

A

%staminate/carpellate

76
Q

obligatory selfing

A

some plants produce flowers are autogamous (only self pollinating)
chasmogamy: open, outcrossing flwoers, often showy
cleistogamy: closed flowers, obligate selfing, smaller ex: violets

77
Q

pollination syndrome

A

combination of flower and pollen traits that adapt a plant for pollination by a vector

78
Q

abiotic syndromes

A

wind, water

79
Q

biotic syndromes

A

animal pollination by bees, birds, bats, beetles

80
Q

nectar

A

sugary water with amino acids, secreted by necatries, present in the floral tube or nectar spurs

81
Q

wind pollination

A

small pollen transported to pistillate flowers on wind
flowers often catkins, not colorful/showy
high pollen production, potential for long distance travel but much is lost
oak, hazel, maple, walnut

82
Q

beetles pollination

A

existed when the first flowering plants appeared
flowers often fragrant, bowl shaped large
ex: magnolia

83
Q

flies pollination

A

fetid odors (fermented fruit, rotting meat, fecal material)
dark colors, fuzz
ex: carrion flowers, pawpaw

84
Q

butterflies pollination

A

erect, bright colors, nectar guides, lip (structure for landing), ong tubes with nectar
ex: phlox

85
Q

bees/wasps pollination

A

nectar guides, often white/blue/yellow/ultraviolet
lip
ex: blueberry, larkspur

86
Q

moths pollination

A

night flowering, no landing zone needed, often pale, fragrant, no nectar guides
ex: tobacco, datura

87
Q

birds pollinatiton

A

many species including honeycreepers and lorikeets, often attracted to nectar-rich red and orange flowers with long tubes
no gragrance
ex: hummingbirds

88
Q

bats pollination

A

large flowers, positioned under the canpoy, open at night, often dull colors and msky fragrances
ex: banana, agave, baobab

89
Q

pollinium

A

mass of pollen grains, usually from one anther, transferred as a single mass during pollination

90
Q

nectar robbing

A

feeding on nectar without pollen transfer, found in many groups

91
Q

adaptations for abiotic dispersal

A

wind: seeds with winds
water: seeds float

92
Q

adhesive seeds

A

seeds barbed or sticky to adhere to animal
ex: burdock, bedstraw, mistletoe

93
Q

exploisive seeds

A

plants forcefully expel seeds
ex: squirting cucubmber

94
Q

ants pollination

A

seeds have a package of nutrients called an elaiosome that attracts ants
ants hoard seeds, eat elaiosomes, leave seeds
major component of eastern forest understory diversity

95
Q

basal angiosperms

A

earliest group to diverge from gymnosperm clade
radial symmetry
free carpels and stamens
small embryos
pollen with 1 aperture
ex: waterlily, amborella

96
Q

core angiosperms clades

A

magnoliids
eudicots
monocots

97
Q

magnoliids

A

diverse clade including trees, herbs, vines
flowers large and spirally arranged or small in groups of 3
many have fragrant secondary compounds
economically important group

98
Q

magnoliid diversity: tulip

A

large, bowl shaped flowers
fragrant flowers and other tissues

99
Q

magnoliid diversity: spices

A

laurel family: avocado, cinnamon
rich in fragrant compounds
insects may be specially adapted to use them as host plants

100
Q

magnoliid diversity family

A

annonaceae/custard apple
aristolochaceae birthwort family

101
Q

monocots

A

flowers parts in multiples of 3
venation: parallel
embryo: 1 cotyledon

102
Q

monocot groups

A

alismatales: possible basal group, includes aroids, arrowheads, awautic plants
lily group: large showy flowers, includes lily family and relatives
commelinid clade: Less showy flowers includes pams, ginger

103
Q

monocot families

A

grass (poacease) wheat, corn, rice
spikelet flowers, most wind pollinated
lilu family (Lilaceae) parts in groups of 6
perrenial, herbaceous, below ground storage organs

104
Q

eudicots

A

tricopate pollen: pollen has 3 slits, divides into 3 different wedges
flowersL 4-5 parts per group
venation: netted
embryo: 2 cotyledons

105
Q

basal eudicots

A

ranunculales: mostly temperate herbs, small embryos, flowers with superio ovaries ex: poppy
proteales: wind pollinated trees and shrubs with reduced flowers

106
Q

eudicots: caryophyllids

A

large group about 11000 species
ex: cacti, beets, buckwheat
many edible and economically important species

107
Q

eudictos: rosids

A

large and diverse clade, woody and herbaceous flowers often large and bee pollinated
ex: rasberry bean cabbage cotton

108
Q

eudicots: asterids

A

mostly herbaceous, fused flower parts
ex: eggplant, potato, tea, sunflower

109
Q

economic botany

A

study of plants and people

110
Q

phytochemistry

A

plant secondary compounds

111
Q

secondary metabolites

A

compounds produced not for growth or reproduction

112
Q

defense

A

toxins, bad flavors, painful sensations

113
Q

positive interactions phytochemistry

A

pollination, seed dispersal

114
Q

alkaloids

A

toxic, bitter tasting, defense gainst animal herbivory
can be fatal
used as drugs
ex: caffeine, nicotine, morphine

115
Q

caffeine

A

defense compound to deter herbivory,a cts as CNS stimulant

116
Q

terpines

A

gragrant chemicals found in resins
herbivory defense
medicinal, culinary, fragrance uses
pine, thyme, lavender

117
Q

thymol

A

present in thyme
wide geographic range
historic uses as antiseptic, worm remover, preservative

118
Q

glycosides

A

sugar containing compound
medicinal functions:L aspirin, laxatives
ex: willow, foxglove, sena, aloe

119
Q

digitalis (foxglove)

A

contains cardiac glycosides
control heart rate
toxic if eaten

120
Q

polyphenols

A

anthocyanin: red pigment that protect tissue, absorb light
phytoestrogens: defense compounds, especially against fungi
tannins: astrigent defensive compounds

121
Q

tannins

A

preservatives
leached from wood stain
tanning leather
pigments
flavoring red wine and beer

122
Q

early crops of ohio valley

A

chenopodium (quinoa relative) staple grain
marsh elder, squashes, sunflower

123
Q

corn

A

developed from teosinte in mexico 10k years ago
became dominant grain crop
selective breeding across continent led to different colors

124
Q

agroforestry crops

A

fruits (blueberry, rasberry)
nuts (Hickory, acorn)
cultivated with fire and other forest management
on decline

125
Q

colombian exchange

A

plants moving around
globalized trade after 1400s dramatically shifted local diets and economies

126
Q

wheat

A

cultivted in western asia
traveled widely
wheat cultivation was common among european settlers in PA

127
Q

brassicas

A

cabbage cauliflower kale
ancestor native to southern europe
versatile and hardy crops
easy to preserve as pickle and krauts

128
Q

potato

A

cultivated to andes, brought to europe
pirogi

129
Q

sweet potato

A

cultivated in central/south America, Polynesia
genetic analyses and linguistics together reveal an ancient exchange

plant bio (3 decks)

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