Planning Process & Techniques Flashcards
Module 1
- Planning as concerned with production of
plans, giving a detailed picture of some
desired future end state to be achieved in a
certain number of years. - Concerned to set out the desired future
end state in detail, in terms of land use
patterns on the ground - Tended to proceed through simple
sequence, best set out in Patrick Geddes:
Survey-Analysis-Plan
TRADITIONAL PLANNING
- A continuous process.
- Concentrates on the objectives of the plan
and on the alternative ways of reaching
them. - Emphasis is on tracing the possible
consequences of alternative policies and
eventually choose a preferred course of
action. - Derived from the science of cybernetics
(fundamentals of systems planning) as a
new way of organizing existing knowledge
as a complex interacting systems.
MODERN PLANNING
FIVE FRIENDS OF PLANNING
- WHO? The person(s) who will carry
out the plan. - HOW? The specific steps or tasks
required. - WHEN? The time needed for each
step and the date the goal will be
achieved.
4.WHAT? The personal and
community resources needed.
5.WHY? The reasons for working
toward a goal (motivation)
“the process of determining goals and
designing the means by which these goals may
be achieved.” - Robert Young
PLANNING PROCESS
basically means that is founded on the
principles of reasoning rather than simply on emotions or inspired
guesswork
as an approach: ‘rational’
generally taken to mean
that one seeks to obtain the maximum output for a certain input, or
alternatively, to minimize the inputs required to obtain a certain
output.
where goals are concerned: ‘rationality’
- many planning decisions are reactive in nature and have shorter
time horizon; - there is often lack of resources that frustrates articulation of
systematic methodologies; and - the structure of the rational approach may not fit with the nature
of the planning problem.
Real-life planning decisions do not follow the rational approach
Rational Approach to Plan
When viewed as a process, planning always involves:
- The careful definition of the problem
- The development of goals and objectives
- The collection of data
- The identification and analysis of alternatives
- The implementation of a program or course of action.
CURRENT STATE OF THE LOCAL PLANNING
SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
- Inactive LDC
- Indifferent Local Sanggunian
- Lack or total absence of vertical and horizontal linkages
- Weak plan-to-budget linkage
- Multiplicity of development, sectoral and/or thematic plans that LGUs
are asked to prepare
NEED FOR RATIONALIZING THE PLANNING SYSTEM
- Planning is an integral part of governance.
- There is a need for “rationalizing” the planning system to enhance the LGU’s
capability in the performance of its DUAL functions:
a. As a POLITICAL SUBDIVISION of the National Government, LGUs are in charge
of the management of its entire geographical territory for and in behalf of the
national government
b. As a CORPORATE ENTITY, LGUs are responsible for: representing its people; promoting general welfare; delivering basic services and facilities
Characteristics of The Planning Process
- Technical exercise
- Comprehensiveness
- Allocative mechanism
- Rational
The planner provides the technical base for the political decision-maker.
* elaboration of means
* prediction of consequences
Technical exercise
The planner is required to consider all the alternatives and all the consequences of these.
Comprehensiveness
Allocate resources in the most efficient manner within a comprehensive framework
Allocative mechanism
The rational model of decision making/planning assumes: * objectives can be identified and articulated
* outcomes of alternative strategies can be projected
* expected utilities assessed through objective criteria
* respective probability of occurrence of relevant conditions can be predicted based on available information
Rational
Components of the Planning Process
- Problem Diagnosis
- Goal Articulation
- Prediction and Projection
- “Design” of Alternatives
- Plan Testing
- Evaluation
- Implementation
(Lein, 1992:74-86)
Stages of the Planning Process
Stage 1: Identify problems and needs
Stage 2: Develop goals and objectives
Stage 3: Develop alternative strategies
Stage 4: Select strategies and develop a detailed plan
Stage 5: Design a monitoring and evaluation plan
Problem formulation begins with awareness of need, where need
may be expressed in very specific terms.
Defining the problem involves distinction between a problem and
the ‘right’ proble
Stage 1: Identification of the Problem
Goal formulation: the process of determining what the people want their
city/municipality to become is often considered the most important step in the planning process.
Stage 2: Developing Goals and Objectives
The process of designing a “____” of the future and then to realize it
would need goals and objectives to focus efforts and direct actions.
vision
represents an end toward which planning efforts are
directed.
goal
an intermediate condition achieved along the pathway toward some larger desired accomplishment (outcome).
objective
desired outcome that is more specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic and time-bound (SMART)
target
▪ Creativity and thought are perhaps the two most critical influences
conceptualizing alternatives.
▪ With the tangible set of alternatives listed, focus shifts from development to
question of selection.
Stage 3: Developing Alternatives
Selection of Alternatives
* Financial considerations (How much would it cost to implement?)
* Available resources (Are staff, money, and time to implement
available?)
** Target population **(Will the target population accept the given
strategy?)
** Social costs **(What are the long term positive and negative
consequences of the strategy to the target population?)
*** Intended objectives **(Will it achieve the intended objectives?)
Stage 4: Select strategies and develop
detailed plan
The development of the plan requires four types of activities:
Identify the activities or tasks that need to be completed in order
to reach the desired objectives.
Programming
The development of the plan requires four types of activities:
Determine and assign the resources needed to implement
the activities. Resources are normally divided into three general categories:
human, physical (materials, facilities and equipment) and financial.
.Allocating resources
The development of the plan requires four types of activities:
Establish the required time needed to complete each activity. This
will involve an assessment of how long each task takes to be completed.
Scheduling:
The development of the plan requires four types of activities:
Determine specific individual and/or agencies/institutions
responsible for the accomplishment of activities.
Fixing accountability:
With the goals, objectives carefully articulated, data collected and analyzed, the
problem well defined, and a set of alternatives selected, the plan begins to take
shape, not just as a document, but as a well-integrated idea.
Implementation of Plans
one of the most difficult phases of planning because it
moves us from the “science” of planning to the political realities in which
planning operates.
Implementation
Implementation must enable the outcome and may require bringing together the ____, ____ or building existing law and
programs into the plan as part of its implementation.
necessary legal instruments, policy mandates
- Continue or discontinue a program or component of a plan
- Improve existing programs/plans
- Add or drop a component or an entire program
- Institute a similar program elsewhere
- Reallocate resources among competing programs or program
components
STAGE 5: Design a monitoring and evaluation
plan
There are two types of evaluations:
concerned with the efficient use of resources
such as personnel and equipment, and focuses on reducing waste and
making more productive use of scarce resources. It is primarily
concerned with finding better ways of implementing the plan.
Process evaluation
There are two types of evaluations:
Measure whether or not the plan is having an
impact on the target population or environment. It is concerned with
program effectiveness, that is, whether or not the plan is achieving its
objectives
Impact evaluations
Planning Process (So & Getzels)
- Basic Goals
- Study and Analysis
- Plan or policy preparation
- Implementation and effectuation
- Moitoring and Feedback
12 STEP CLUP PROCESS
- Getting Organized
- Identifying Stakeholders
- Setting the Vision
- Analyzing the Situation
- Getting the goals and objectives
- Establishing Development Thrusts and Spatial Strategies
- Preparing Land Use Plan
- Drafting Zone Ordinance
- Conducting Public Hearing on the draft CLUP & ZO
- Reviewing, Adopting, and Approving the CLUP & ZO
- Implementing the CLUP & ZO
- Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP
What makes a
plan successful?
Planning Techniques
- are tools that the planner uses to carry out the various tasks in the planning process.
- help the planner to focus thinking on what is important. In this regard, an understanding of the range and potential uses, aside from providing a framework for improving rational
decision making, is required
Planning Techniques
Why we need planning tools and
techniques?
(1) understand society within which planning is to operate;
(2) identify society’s problems and needs;
(3) have a more complete comprehension of its varying
interacting elements and their effects upon each other;
(4) formulate policies and to choose between them; and
(5) measure them in practice to ascertain the efficiency and
effectiveness of powers in practice and adjust them when
necessary.
Factors in choosing Appropriate Techniques
- Availability of basic resources for planning (e.g. data and skilled
manpower); - Extent to which results obtained by using the techniques can readily be
presented to politicians and the public (e.g. availability of a wide range of
presentation methods to the “users” of results); - Capable of providing results within the acceptable period; and
- Cost-effectiveness of different techniques (e.g. availability of skilled
manpower and cost of technical equipment for data collection.
Categories of Resources
value of the results of any method first of all
depends upon the quality of information available.
Information requirements
Categories of Resources
the various methods require different levels of
computing facilities (and know how).
Computing facilities
Categories of Resources
affordability and availability of specialized personnel.
Specialized personnel
Categories of Resources
the use of consultants may be quite justifiable and a
recommendable way if funds to pay services are available and if the results
expected justify the use of these funds
External consultants
Categories of Resources
the length of the period necessary for a meaningful
application.
Time requirements
