Planning Process & Techniques Flashcards
Module 1
- Planning as concerned with production of
plans, giving a detailed picture of some
desired future end state to be achieved in a
certain number of years. - Concerned to set out the desired future
end state in detail, in terms of land use
patterns on the ground - Tended to proceed through simple
sequence, best set out in Patrick Geddes:
Survey-Analysis-Plan
TRADITIONAL PLANNING
- A continuous process.
- Concentrates on the objectives of the plan
and on the alternative ways of reaching
them. - Emphasis is on tracing the possible
consequences of alternative policies and
eventually choose a preferred course of
action. - Derived from the science of cybernetics
(fundamentals of systems planning) as a
new way of organizing existing knowledge
as a complex interacting systems.
MODERN PLANNING
FIVE FRIENDS OF PLANNING
- WHO? The person(s) who will carry
out the plan. - HOW? The specific steps or tasks
required. - WHEN? The time needed for each
step and the date the goal will be
achieved.
4.WHAT? The personal and
community resources needed.
5.WHY? The reasons for working
toward a goal (motivation)
“the process of determining goals and
designing the means by which these goals may
be achieved.” - Robert Young
PLANNING PROCESS
basically means that is founded on the
principles of reasoning rather than simply on emotions or inspired
guesswork
as an approach: ‘rational’
generally taken to mean
that one seeks to obtain the maximum output for a certain input, or
alternatively, to minimize the inputs required to obtain a certain
output.
where goals are concerned: ‘rationality’
- many planning decisions are reactive in nature and have shorter
time horizon; - there is often lack of resources that frustrates articulation of
systematic methodologies; and - the structure of the rational approach may not fit with the nature
of the planning problem.
Real-life planning decisions do not follow the rational approach
Rational Approach to Plan
When viewed as a process, planning always involves:
- The careful definition of the problem
- The development of goals and objectives
- The collection of data
- The identification and analysis of alternatives
- The implementation of a program or course of action.
CURRENT STATE OF THE LOCAL PLANNING
SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
- Inactive LDC
- Indifferent Local Sanggunian
- Lack or total absence of vertical and horizontal linkages
- Weak plan-to-budget linkage
- Multiplicity of development, sectoral and/or thematic plans that LGUs
are asked to prepare
NEED FOR RATIONALIZING THE PLANNING SYSTEM
- Planning is an integral part of governance.
- There is a need for “rationalizing” the planning system to enhance the LGU’s
capability in the performance of its DUAL functions:
a. As a POLITICAL SUBDIVISION of the National Government, LGUs are in charge
of the management of its entire geographical territory for and in behalf of the
national government
b. As a CORPORATE ENTITY, LGUs are responsible for: representing its people; promoting general welfare; delivering basic services and facilities
Characteristics of The Planning Process
- Technical exercise
- Comprehensiveness
- Allocative mechanism
- Rational
The planner provides the technical base for the political decision-maker.
* elaboration of means
* prediction of consequences
Technical exercise
The planner is required to consider all the alternatives and all the consequences of these.
Comprehensiveness
Allocate resources in the most efficient manner within a comprehensive framework
Allocative mechanism
The rational model of decision making/planning assumes: * objectives can be identified and articulated
* outcomes of alternative strategies can be projected
* expected utilities assessed through objective criteria
* respective probability of occurrence of relevant conditions can be predicted based on available information
Rational
Components of the Planning Process
- Problem Diagnosis
- Goal Articulation
- Prediction and Projection
- “Design” of Alternatives
- Plan Testing
- Evaluation
- Implementation
(Lein, 1992:74-86)
Stages of the Planning Process
Stage 1: Identify problems and needs
Stage 2: Develop goals and objectives
Stage 3: Develop alternative strategies
Stage 4: Select strategies and develop a detailed plan
Stage 5: Design a monitoring and evaluation plan
Problem formulation begins with awareness of need, where need
may be expressed in very specific terms.
Defining the problem involves distinction between a problem and
the ‘right’ proble
Stage 1: Identification of the Problem
Goal formulation: the process of determining what the people want their
city/municipality to become is often considered the most important step in the planning process.
Stage 2: Developing Goals and Objectives
The process of designing a “____” of the future and then to realize it
would need goals and objectives to focus efforts and direct actions.
vision
represents an end toward which planning efforts are
directed.
goal
an intermediate condition achieved along the pathway toward some larger desired accomplishment (outcome).
objective
desired outcome that is more specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic and time-bound (SMART)
target
▪ Creativity and thought are perhaps the two most critical influences
conceptualizing alternatives.
▪ With the tangible set of alternatives listed, focus shifts from development to
question of selection.
Stage 3: Developing Alternatives
