Planning Process & Techniques Flashcards
Module 1
- Planning as concerned with production of
plans, giving a detailed picture of some
desired future end state to be achieved in a
certain number of years. - Concerned to set out the desired future
end state in detail, in terms of land use
patterns on the ground - Tended to proceed through simple
sequence, best set out in Patrick Geddes:
Survey-Analysis-Plan
TRADITIONAL PLANNING
- A continuous process.
- Concentrates on the objectives of the plan
and on the alternative ways of reaching
them. - Emphasis is on tracing the possible
consequences of alternative policies and
eventually choose a preferred course of
action. - Derived from the science of cybernetics
(fundamentals of systems planning) as a
new way of organizing existing knowledge
as a complex interacting systems.
MODERN PLANNING
FIVE FRIENDS OF PLANNING
- WHO? The person(s) who will carry
out the plan. - HOW? The specific steps or tasks
required. - WHEN? The time needed for each
step and the date the goal will be
achieved.
4.WHAT? The personal and
community resources needed.
5.WHY? The reasons for working
toward a goal (motivation)
“the process of determining goals and
designing the means by which these goals may
be achieved.” - Robert Young
PLANNING PROCESS
basically means that is founded on the
principles of reasoning rather than simply on emotions or inspired
guesswork
as an approach: ‘rational’
generally taken to mean
that one seeks to obtain the maximum output for a certain input, or
alternatively, to minimize the inputs required to obtain a certain
output.
where goals are concerned: ‘rationality’
- many planning decisions are reactive in nature and have shorter
time horizon; - there is often lack of resources that frustrates articulation of
systematic methodologies; and - the structure of the rational approach may not fit with the nature
of the planning problem.
Real-life planning decisions do not follow the rational approach
Rational Approach to Plan
When viewed as a process, planning always involves:
- The careful definition of the problem
- The development of goals and objectives
- The collection of data
- The identification and analysis of alternatives
- The implementation of a program or course of action.
CURRENT STATE OF THE LOCAL PLANNING
SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
- Inactive LDC
- Indifferent Local Sanggunian
- Lack or total absence of vertical and horizontal linkages
- Weak plan-to-budget linkage
- Multiplicity of development, sectoral and/or thematic plans that LGUs
are asked to prepare
NEED FOR RATIONALIZING THE PLANNING SYSTEM
- Planning is an integral part of governance.
- There is a need for “rationalizing” the planning system to enhance the LGU’s
capability in the performance of its DUAL functions:
a. As a POLITICAL SUBDIVISION of the National Government, LGUs are in charge
of the management of its entire geographical territory for and in behalf of the
national government
b. As a CORPORATE ENTITY, LGUs are responsible for: representing its people; promoting general welfare; delivering basic services and facilities
Characteristics of The Planning Process
- Technical exercise
- Comprehensiveness
- Allocative mechanism
- Rational
The planner provides the technical base for the political decision-maker.
* elaboration of means
* prediction of consequences
Technical exercise
The planner is required to consider all the alternatives and all the consequences of these.
Comprehensiveness
Allocate resources in the most efficient manner within a comprehensive framework
Allocative mechanism
The rational model of decision making/planning assumes: * objectives can be identified and articulated
* outcomes of alternative strategies can be projected
* expected utilities assessed through objective criteria
* respective probability of occurrence of relevant conditions can be predicted based on available information
Rational
Components of the Planning Process
- Problem Diagnosis
- Goal Articulation
- Prediction and Projection
- “Design” of Alternatives
- Plan Testing
- Evaluation
- Implementation
(Lein, 1992:74-86)
Stages of the Planning Process
Stage 1: Identify problems and needs
Stage 2: Develop goals and objectives
Stage 3: Develop alternative strategies
Stage 4: Select strategies and develop a detailed plan
Stage 5: Design a monitoring and evaluation plan
Problem formulation begins with awareness of need, where need
may be expressed in very specific terms.
Defining the problem involves distinction between a problem and
the ‘right’ proble
Stage 1: Identification of the Problem