Planning Fundamentals Flashcards
Reliability
whether a particular technique applied repeatedly would yield the same result
validity
extent to which an empirical (observable/measurable) measure adequately reflects the real meaning of the concept under consideration
Two types of sampling
probability - allows to measure the margin of sampling errors
nonprobability - doesn’t allow the MOE sampling
Random sampling method
take subset from overall population in organized matter; each sample has an equal probability of being chosen
to conduct this type of sampling > you can use random number generators or other techniques based entirely on chance
Systematic sampling
Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating the numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals
example: every 10th person on the list
Stratified sampling
appropriate when population has mixed characteristics and you want to make sure that every characteristic is proportionally represented in the sample
ex: company with 800 females and 200 males. you want to ensure it reflects gender balance so you sort population into two stratas (or groups) based on gender > choose random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20 men
cluster sampling
dividing population into subgroups that have similar characteristics to the whole population > then you randomly select entire subgroups
this method is good for dealing with large and dispersed populations, but there is more risk of error in the sample; difficult to gurantee that the sampled clusters are really representative of the whole population
ex: company has 10 offices across the country, you use random sampling to select three offices = those are your three clusters
nonprobability sampling
convenient sampling - take responses you can get (i.e. snowball sample)
volunteered information through centers like 311 calls or social media data (VGI)
Surveys
mail, telephone, web-based, in-person
Types of measurements: NOIR
Nominal > Ordinal > Interval > Ratio
Types of variables
qualitiative - nominal, ordinal
quantitative - interval, ratio
discrete - can take a finite number of values; i.e., 0 and 1
continuous - infinite number of values
sample size
N/[(1tN*(e)^2]
e = acceptable error value N = sample size
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
a project planning and management tool; Evaluation Tool used to schedule a complex project composed of many interrelated tasks
Critical Path Method
a project planning and management tool; a technique discovering the most efficient ways to speed up a project
Gantt Chart
a project planning and management tool; breaks down a project into its critical components and shows them in chronological order
example: project that requires surveying homeless people?
