Planning and Evaluation of Health Promotion Flashcards
health promotion is
Planning and evaluation
- Getting them into good habits and lifestyles through life
health protection is in response to
public health threat
- different to health promotion
- trying to stop the population from getting ill
what is NHS Health Scotland
National body responsible for health promotion
Works with public, private and third sectors (charities) to reduce inequalities and improve health
Health sectors include:
- Community and voluntary
- Local government and NHS
Health in Scotland is steadily improving.
- Inequalities is a human tragedy which reduce economic output and increases social problems
Move to Public Health Scotland 1/04/20
- Combination of services
- More partnership working aids communication
12 NHS Health Scotland Topics
Diet and obesity
Alcohol
Physical activity
Gender based violence (GBV)
Mental health and well being
Smoking
(help to quit = health promotion)
Suicide
Dementia
Screening
Drugs
Immunisation
Sexual health
what does health promotion target
life stages
works predominately but not exclusively with
- Early Years
- Young people
- Adults in later life, and
- Adults in work
6 settings for health promotion
Schools
Workplace (adult equivalent)
Community
Primary care
Hospitals (secondary care)
Prisons
(high smoking rate, complex setting)
what is the first phase in health promotion
planning
what is planning in health promotion
assessment of what a client or population group needs to enable them to become more healthy
- Sit and work out, any existing things that can be utilised
Background information
what background information is needed for planning in health promotion (4)?
Epidemiology (levels of disease evidence)
What is currently available
What the group would benefit from
Information from literature searches, local reports,
- ‘grey literature’
- Not necessarily peer reviewed but still useful
what are the 7 stages in the planning framework used in health promotion (Ewles and Simnett)
identify needs and priorities
set aims and objectives
decide best ways to achieve the aims
identify resources
plan evaluation methods
set an action plan
ACTION - implement your plan including your evaluation
examples of stage 1 in planning for health promotion - identify needs and priorties
e.g. oral cancer
- public awareness
less than prostate or breast but large consequence to those who have it still
professional awareness & attitudes
focus on health professionals – early detection
e. g. reducing sugar in diet
- Work with manufacturers
- Public awareness
- Lobby government for extension to sugar tax
- Working with health professionals
what is involved in stage 2 of health promotion (set aims and objectives)
Set aims and objectives
Aims
- are broad goals, objectives specific and define what participants achieve at end of intervention
educational objectives
- smaller and more specific
3 types
- knowledge: increase in level of knowledge
- affective: change in attitudes /beliefs
- behaviours: acquisition of new skills/competencies
aims
are broad goals, objectives specific and define what participants achieve at end of intervention
educational objectives
smaller and more specific than aims
3 types
- knowledge: increase in level of knowledge
- affective: change in attitudes /beliefs
- behaviours: acquisition of new skills/competencies
SMART Guide to setting objectives
Specific
- precise
Measurable
- easily assessed, easy to compare where you are Vs now
Appropriate
- needs of individual/group
Realistic
- achievable yet challenging
Time-related
- timescale to assess changes, reasonable in time set
what is involved in stage 3 of health promotion planning
Identify appropriate methods for achieving objectives
community development – Sign posting
mass media – good but expensive
professional development
Social media
what is involved in stage 4 of health promotion planning
Identify resources
Funding the Key:
- £5000/£50,000/£5M scope of what you can achieve
people’s skills and expertise
Materials, overheads, staff, facilities
Need to make best use of the money
what is involved in stage 5 of health promotion planning
Plan evaluation methods
Evaluation is an integral aspect of all planned Health promotion activity
3 different types
- Process
- Impact
- Outcome
what are the 3 types of evaluation
- Process
- Impact
- Outcome
what is involved in stage 6 of health promotion planning
Setting and action plan:
identify tasks, person responsible for task
resources to be used
(artists, online resources, factor in time)
timescale/timeline
means of evaluation
what is the final stage (7) of the health promotion planning
action/implementation of plan
what is evaluation
Evaluation needs to assess results, determine whether objectives have been met, and find out if methods used were appropriate and efficient.
- does it work
- Worth time, energy, effort, money
- Completed objectives
- Methods were appropriate and efficient
Often set aside 10-15% of your budget for evaluation
Find out what doesn’t work
- Give information so others know not to follow
what is a key reason to evaluate a health promotion plan
Find out what doesn’t work
- Give information so others know not to follow
inform future plans
- justify decisions to others
what are the 3 Es of evaluation
To assess what has been achieved, did an intervention have its intended effect (efficiency).
To measure its impact and whether it was worthwhile (effectiveness) like drug
To judge its cost-effectiveness and whether time/money and labour were well spent (economy)
how is Efficiency evaluated in health promotion planning
To assess what has been achieved, did an intervention have its intended effect
how is Effectiveness evaluated in health promotion planning
To measure its impact and whether it was worthwhile
how is Economy evaluated in health promotion planning
To judge its cost-effectiveness and whether time/money and labour were well spent
process evaluation
Aims to be practical
addresses process of programme implementation/dissemination
participants’ perceptions/reactions
- speak to the audience/participants
- what they think
‘soft’ data often collected, interviews, observations etc
tells us about the particular programme and factors responsible for success or failure.
what does process evaluation tell us
tells us about the particular programme and factors responsible for success or failure.
participants’ perceptions/reactions
- speak to the audience/participants
- what they think
what type of data is collected in process evaluation
‘soft data’
what is impact evaluation of health promotion plan
refers to immediate effects, often done at end of a programme
use of questionnaires to determine change in behaviour/increase in knowledge
- give before and after programme
- see if they change due to
‘hard’ data collected
often done as easier to do
what type of data is collected in impact evaluation
hard data
how to collect impact evaluation of health promotion plan
use of questionnaires to determine change in behaviour/increase in knowledge
- give before and after programme
- see if they change due to
what is outcome evaluation of health promotion plan
involves the assessment of longer-term effects
- more difficult to do, but better quality
- looks at changes in behaviour a year later
- reduction in disease etc
more costly
Preferred method but more difficult to do.
what does outcome evaluation assess
longer-term effects of health promotion plan
7 research methods used in evaluation
Semi-structured interviews
- Headings on paper when chatting to focus groups
Observation
Focus groups
Self-response surveys
Interview-based surveys
Telephone interviews
use of both qualitative/quantitative useful
what are the mass medias used in health promotion
can be defined as any printed or audio-visual material designed to reach a mass audience.
this includes newspapers, magazines, radio, television, billboards, exhibition displays, posters and leaflets
Costly
social media has a stronger influence in younger people
4 advantages of using mass media in health promotion
can raise consciousness, place health on the public agenda
convey simple information
more effective if it is part of an integrated campaign including elements such as one-to-one advice
information is ‘new’ and is seen to be relevant for the viewer
5 things Mass media cannot do in health promotion
convey complex information
teach skills
shift people’s attitudes, beliefs
Message will be ignored if challenges basic (core) beliefs
change behaviour in the absence of other enabling factors.
social media use in health promotion
Fast moving field, enormous potential
Evidence base is just emerging
More and more users using social media for health information
- Disinformation and misinformation
- Spread incorrect information
Attracts younger, better educated, more in Europe than US
what do current OHP national projects target
address inequalities
- with government involvement
e.g. Childsmile
childsmile
a national programme designed to improve the oral health of children in Scotland and reduce inequalities both in dental health and access to dental services
main components
- Childsmile Core
- Childsmile Nursery & School
- Childsmile Practice
3 main components of Childsmile
- Childsmile Core
- Childsmile Nursery & School
- Childsmile Practice
childsmile core
National toothbrushing programme commenced ~2000/01
Every child receives toothbrushes and toothpaste for home use to the age of 5
3 and 4 year olds attending nursery
- Free, daily, supervised toothbrushing to national standard
- Also available to at least 20% P1 and P2 children in most deprived areas
childsmile nursery and school
20% most deprived nursery and P1-P4 populations are targeted for fluoride varnish application
Fluoride varnish applied 6 monthly by dental nurses in education setting
- specially licensed for this
Follow-up of children who are not regular attenders
what are primary care dentists role in childsmile
Toothbrushing
- Demonstrate and observe hands-on brushing instruction
Dietary advice
- Provide advice and reinforce nutritional messages
- Signpost to community development activity
Action plan
- Fluoride varnish
- For children from 2 yrs, apply varnish 2 times per year
paid
what is logic modelling
framework for integrating planning, delivery and evaluation.
Starts at end and goes back the way
what is included in logic modelling (5)
long term outcome (start with)
Short Term
Activities/outputs
Inputs (resources)
Assumptions and external factors
what is caring for smiles
Better oral health for dependant older people
involves
- Families
- Care homes
- Carers
- Training, resources
when is mouth cancer action month
november
what is the point in mouth cancer action month
Raise awareness
Patient support/advocacy
Public awareness
Research
when is national smile month
mid may to mid june
what is the point of national smile month
Public awareness, information
Dental profession involvement
Longest running oral health campaign (40th year in 2016 – biggest public awareness routine campaign in UK)
what are the 3 main messages of national smile month
Brush your teeth last thing at night and on at least one other occasion with a fluoride toothpaste.
Cut down on how often you have sugary foods and drinks.
Visit your dentist regularly, as often as they recommend.
what are the 5 key areas for action outlined in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
building healthy public policy
creating supportive environments
strengthening community action
developing personal skills
reorienting health services
