planning a genocide

Question 1

militia

Answer 1

a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency

Question 2

akazu

Answer 2

informal organisation of Hutu extremists
members were relatives/close friends of Habyarimana and his wife, Agathe
Agathe was controlling influence
motivation- desire for Hutu elite to stay in power
“[Akazu] have the bank. They have the money. They have the arm; they have the power…”- Hassan Ngeze
RPF attacks from 1990-1993 gave the akazu “the excuse to arrest, disappear, imprison, and kill those it felt threatened its power.”

Question 3

akazu- “Zero Network”

Answer 3

certain members whose goal was a Rwanda with “zero Tutsi”

Question 4

Hutu Power

Answer 4

racist ideology proposed by Hutu extremists in Rwanda and actively promoted the akazu and Interahamwe

Question 5

Hutu Ten Commandments

Answer 5

1990
Hassan Ngeze (Rwandan journalist) created to serve as the basis of Hutu Power ideology
called for:
> exclusive Hutu leadership over public institutions and life
> complete segregation of Hutu and Tutsi
> exclusion of Tutsis from public institutions and life
were essential in creating and spreading an anti-Tutsi feeling among Rwandan Hutus

Question 6

propaganda

Answer 6

from 1990, 40+ newspapers in Bantu and French were launched that systematically exploited ethnic hatred
> 11+ were directly linked to akazu
relatively small circulation in Kigali but message was spread to rural communities
printed graphic cartoons to portray Tutsi women using their sexual prowess on UN peacekeepers

Question 6

propaganda- Kangura

Answer 6

[in Bantu] “Wake Up”
small circulation of 10,000
actively supported by powerful government and military patrons
as a result, they were able to obtain important information and publish accurate political predictions- foretold Habyarimana’s death
one issue, “Tutsi, Race of God”, asked “what if someone brought back the Hutu Revolution of 1959 to finish off these Tutsi cockroaches?”

Question 7

propaganda- Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM)

Answer 7

began 1992
began in response to neutral stance of Radio Rwanda and RPF’s Radio Muhabura
radio equivalent of Kangura
during genocide, they directed Interahamwe to where Tutsis were hiding, “You will see inyenzi straw huts in the marsh…I think that those who have guns should immediately go to these cockroaches…encircle them, and kill them.”

Question 8

Interhamwe

Answer 8

private militia
in 1992, MRND recruited young Hutus and formed 2 militias:
> Interhamwe (Those Who Attack Together)
> Impuzamugambi

tended to recruit low-class Hutu
many received military training
before 6th April, they had 2000 militia in Kigali and smaller numbers outside capital
when genocide began, numbers grew to 20,000-30,000 in total

equipment- AK-47 rifles, grenades, “panga’ (machetes)
manned roadblocks
did “house-to-house” searches
acted as executioners

Question 9

Interhamwe role in planning the genocide

Answer 9

central role
fax sent by Romeo Dallaire to his superiors at UN Headquarters about an Interhamwe informant
> “[informant] is a top level trainer in the cadre of Interahamwe”
> “informant said he had trained 1700 men in military camps outside the capital…since the UNAMIR mandate, he had been ordered to register all Tutsi in Kigali. He suspects it is for their extermination. Example he gave was that, in 20 minutes, his personnel could kill up to 100 Tutsi.”

Question 10

Rwandan Army

Answer 10

Habyarimana had allegiance of approx. 7000 troops
although smaller than Interhamwe, “the military played a decisive role by initiating and directing the slaughter”
between January 1993-March 1994, imported 500,000+ machetes (2x number than previous years)
military participation in genocide indicates national authorities ordered/approved