colonialism

Question 1

colonialism

Answer 1

policy of administering another country and exploiting it economically

Question 2

mandate

Answer 2

territory assigned to another power on behalf of the League of Nations

Question 3

ethnology

Answer 3

study of characteristics of different peoples and the differences and relationships between them

Question 4

social darwinism

Answer 4

theory that human progress is the product of intergroup or interracial conflict and competition and that the superior classes or races possess biological superiority in the struggle for existence

Question 5

eugenics

Answer 5

belief that desirable human qualities were hereditary traits

Question 6

Belgian occupation

Answer 6

began in 1916 during WWI

Question 7

Belgian League of Nations Mandate

Answer 7

1922-1945
Belgium accepted League of Nations Mandate to govern Rwanda as a territory
maintained ubuhake system

Question 8

Belgian UN Trust Territory

Answer 8

1945-1961
after WWII, Rwanda became UN trust territory with Belgium as administrative authority

Question 9

Belgian spread of Christianity

Answer 9

initially Hutu adopted as Tutsi aristocracy rejected
discredited indigenous belief in Mwami’s divine nature
conversion accelerated after Belgians deposed King Musinga and replaced him with Mutara III, who dressed in western clothes and converted

Question 10

cash crops

Answer 10

Belgians intended for colony to be profitable
Hutu farmers required to devote a certain percentage of fields to coffee which was enforced by Belgian and Tutsi officials
Hutus often brutally beaten by enforcers if didn’t meet expectations
cash crops forcibly diverted from production of food which contributed to famine

Question 11

Mwami Mutara Rudahigwa

Answer 11

first Mwami to convert to Catholicism
after WWII, he abolished the ubuhake system, redistributed cattle and land, expanded education system to allow Hutus to study at university

Question 12

presence of Catholic church

Answer 12

1880 onwards
Catholic missionaries from Vatican’s White Fathers Orders arrived in Belgian colonies

Question 13

Hamitic Hypothesis

Answer 13

historical term for peoples supposedly descended from Noah’s son, Ham, after he was exiled and fled south
used to explain relatively well-ordered African society
as a result, Belgians identified Tutsis as superior race
gave majority of political control to Tutsis

Question 14

racial identification cards

Answer 14

1920- ethnologists analysed thousands of Rwandans on racial criteria (eg. skull size, shape of nose)
1931- each Rwanda was issued a racial identification card
as a result, Tutsis began to believe myth of superior racial status and exploited power over Hutu majority