Hutu Revolution

Question 1

winds of destruction

Answer 1

1959-1961
period of ethnic violence in Rwanda between Hutu and Tutsi

Question 2

coup

Answer 2

violent and illegal seizure of power without any subsequent social revolution

Question 3

dictatorship

Answer 3

form of government where absolute power is controlled by an individual

Question 4

inyenzi

Answer 4

[meaning cockroaches] a pejorative term to describe Tutsis

Question 5

growth of Hutu elite

Answer 5

Belgium’s policy of discrimination changed in the late 1950s to favour the Hutu because Flemish missionaries in Rwanda identified with suppressed Hutu and supported their political aspirations
increased social mobility of Hutu through economic conditions and seminarian education
led to the development of an elite group of Hutu leaders and intellectuals

Question 6

Gregoire Kayibanda

Answer 6

prominent member of Hutu counter-elite who was trained for priesthood but never ordained

Question 7

Hutu Manifesto

Answer 7

1957
9 scholars (including Kayibanda) wrote manifesto
argued for maintenance of “ethnic” identity cards
transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu based on “statistical law”
double liberation for Hutus- first from white colonials, second from Tutsis
structured around 3 main objectives:
> promotion of Hutu majority (dissolution of Tutsi leadership)
> solution to race problem in Rwanda
> agrarian reform (Hutus can buy land)

Question 8

Parmehutu

Answer 8

1957
party for Hutu Emancipation
formed by Kayibanda
“was never really a quest for equality; the issue was only who would dominate the ethnically bipolar state.”

Question 9

Union Nationale Rwandaise (UNAR)

Answer 9

Tutsi leaders sensed growing influence of Hutu and agitated for immediate independence
pro-monarchy and anti-Belgian

Question 10

Mwami Matura III Rudahigwa dies

Answer 10

July 1957
caused by routine vaccination- some Tutsis believed he had been assassinated and began campaign against Church and Belgians
Kigeli V installed

Question 11

Wind of Destruction

Answer 11

November 1959
rumoured death of Hutu politician, Dominique Mbonyumutwa, at the hands of Tutsi sets off violent retaliation
Hutus kill approx. 20,000-100,000 Tutsi
130,000 Tutsi flea to neighbouring countries
Belgian commanders arrived to quell violence
Hutus claimed land and cattle left behind by fleeing Tutsi
remaining Tutsi excluded from political power in a centralised Hutu-controlled state

Question 12

Independence

Answer 12

March 1960
UN delegation visited Rwanda- Tutsi homes burnt in front of delegation- led them to declare that Belgium’s plans for a June election were unworkable but election went ahead
PARMEHUTU took 78% of seats, and Kayibanda became president
communal authorities immediately took local power from traditional chiefs
July 1962- Rwanda became fully independent

Question 13

Inyenzi Invasion

Answer 13

1964- approx. 336,000 Tutsi refugees in other countries
refugees immediately began to agitate for a return to Rwanda
inyenzi attacks:
> began late 1960
> group of Tutsi exiles launched attacks into Rwanda from neighbouring countries
> attacks displaced more Tutsis as government responded with further attacks on Tutsis
> eg. December 1963- Burundi inyenzi launched ill-equipped and poorly organised attack that was quickly defeated by government. This led to largest Tutsi killing of time (10,000 in one motion)

Question 14

one party state

Answer 14

Kayibanda and Parmehutu ruled Rwanda unchecked for a decade after the 1963-64 massacres
Kayibanda appeared alone on the ballot

Question 15

ethnic quota system

Answer 15

installed by government
proportion of Tutsis in schools, civil service, and other employment sectors was officially limited to 9%
continued use of ethnic identity cards
discouraged mixed marriages