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MECHANICS 1122 > Planes/Axes and Joints > Flashcards

Planes/Axes and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sagittal planes?

A
  • Divide the body into left and right sides
  • There are infinite sagittal planes and one midsagittal plane (divides the body into equal left and right halves)
  • The descriptive terms medial and lateral relate to the proximity to this plane
  • Flexion of the arm or knee anteriorly, works in the sagittal plane (bicep curl)
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2
Q

What are the coronal planes?

A
  • Divide the body into front and back portions
  • The descriptive terms posterior and anterior are defined by these planes
  • adduction and abduction of the limbs occur in the coronal plane (jumping jacks)
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3
Q

What are the transverse planes?

A
  • Divide the body into upper and lower parts
  • The descriptive terms superior and inferior are defined by these planes
  • Tend to be rotational movements, like shaking your head “no” or doing russian twists
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4
Q

What are the oblique planes?

A
  • Any plane that combines 2 or 3 cardinal planes

- Often dynamic movements work in oblique planes, or any angled movements in general

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5
Q

What is the sagittal axis?

A
  • Involved in lateral flexion of the spine
  • Runs anterior to posterior through the torso
  • Cartwheels rotate through this axis
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6
Q

What is the frontal axis?

A
  • Involved in anterior to posterior rotational movements
  • Runs medial to lateral through the body
  • Front flips rotate through this axis
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7
Q

What is the vertical axis?

A
  • Runs superior to inferior
  • Down through the head and spine
  • Pirouette turns rotate through this axis
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8
Q

What is the oblique axis?

A
  • Perpendicular axis, that is demonstrated in a combination of flexion, abduction and external rotation
  • Fondu barre exercise works in this axis
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9
Q

What does flexion mean?

A
  • The action of bending

- Tipping your head inferiorly is flexion

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10
Q

What does extension mean?

A
  • The action of extending

- Lifting your head up superiorly is extension

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11
Q

What is rotation?

A
  • The action of rotating around an axis

- Shaking your head “no” is rotation

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12
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A
  • The side to side action (coronal plane) around a sagittal axis
  • Tipping your ear towards your shoulder laterally is this type of flexion
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13
Q

What is adduction?

A
  • Retractional movement
  • Towards the midline (medial)
  • Lat pull-downs has adduction of the scapulas
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14
Q

What is abduction?

A
  • Protractional movement
  • Away from the midline (lateral)
  • Punching a bag has abduction of the scapula
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15
Q

What is elevation?

A
  • Movement in the superior direction

- Lifting weights elevates your scapulas

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16
Q

What is depression?

A
  • Movement in the inferior direction

- Lowering weights depresses your scapulas

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17
Q

What is a joint?

A
  • A point of contact between 2 or more bones
  • On a larger level, it links one segment of your body to another
  • More than 150 joints in the human body
  • Composed entirely of connective tissue
  • Many form the pivot points from which your bones rotate and your body movement occurs
  • The primary role of joints is movement, which allows body articulations to occur
  • They cannot move on their own, myofascial units team up to create movements, however joints simply permit the action to transpire
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18
Q

What do ligaments and joint capsules do for joints?

A
  • All mobility without stability would result in injury, so ligaments and joint capsules limit the movement created at a joint
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19
Q

What is a synarthrotic joint?

A
  • Permits very little to movement
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20
Q

What is a amphiarthrotic joint?

A
  • Permits a limited amount of movement
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21
Q

What is a diarthrotic joint?

A
  • Permits free movement articulations
22
Q

What differentiates joint structure?

A
  • Some are compact or loose
  • Some allow movement in all directions or don’t even budge
  • Classified by their function or structure
  • Structure is differentiated mainly by the type of connective tissue used to unite the bones, and whether there is space between the articulating bones
23
Q

What are the three classes of joints?

A
  • Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
24
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A
  • Has no synovial cavity
  • Bound together by dense, fibrous connective tissue
  • Designed for little or no movement
  • 3 types: sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses
25
Q

What is a suture joint?

A
  • Fibrous joint formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue
  • Found only between bones of the skull
  • Interlocking edges provide strength and protection from injury
  • As immovable junctions, sutures are classified as synarthrosis
26
Q

What is a syndesmosis joint?

A
  • A fibrous joint that demands strength and a bit of movement (classified as amphiarthrosis)
  • Fastens bones together with either a sheet of fibrous connective tissue or a bundle of connective tissue
27
Q

What is a gomphosis joint?

A
  • A fibrous joint that is found in your teeth
  • Specifically between your teeth roots and the sockets of your maxillary and mandibular bones of the jaw
  • These joints are stabilized by the periodontal ligament
  • Classified as synarthrosis because its immovable but not always (teeth fall out!)
28
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Similar to a fibrous joint, it lacks a synovial cavity and permits little to no movement
  • Articulating bones are firmly held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage (determines 2 different types of cartilaginous joints)
29
Q

What is a synchondrosis joint?

A
  • A type of cartilaginous joint that is only connected by hyaline cartilage
  • The costal cartilage junction between your first rib and the manubrium is an example of this joint
30
Q

What is a symphysis joint?

A
  • A type of cartilaginous joint that also has its articulating bones covered in hyaline cartilage
  • Additionally contains a fibrocartilage disc to connect its articulating bones
  • All symphysis joints are found along the midline of the body
  • The pubic symphysis, the junction between the sternum and manubrium, and the intervertebral joints between the bodies of vertebrae are all examples of symphysis joints
31
Q

What are synovial joints?

A
  • Built with movement in mind, unlike fibrous and cartilaginous joints
  • The major joints of your body including the shoulders, hips, knees, elbows, ankles and wrists all fall under this category
  • Synovial joints are diarthrotic (freely moveable)
32
Q

What are the specific parts that make up synovial joints?

A
  • Meniscus (only found between femur and tibia in the knee joint) is a key part of synovial joints
  • Hyaline cartilage is found on articulating bones
  • Ligaments (dense connective tissue) stabilize and limit mobility in these joints
  • Fat pads are found in non-articulating bone regions where ‘stuffing’ is needed
  • A bursa is strategically positioned between moving structures to reduce friction and absorb force
  • Synovial joints are completely enveloped by a joint capsule
33
Q

What is synovial membrane?

A
  • Found in the bursa and joint capsule of synovial joints
  • Internal layer of the joint capsule, and the ‘filling’ of the bursa
  • Responsible for the production of synovial fluid (lubricates articular surfaces and reduces friction between the bones and joint components
34
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A
  • Hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball-and-socket, and gliding
35
Q

What are hinge joints?

A
  • Joints of your ankles, elbows, fingers and more
  • Comparable to a door hinge
  • Only joint that allows movement only around one axis and within one plane
  • Termed as uniaxial joint
36
Q

What are pivot joints?

A
  • Needed for rotation
  • Designed like a doorknob
  • Functions by having the surface of one bone spin within the ring-shaped surface of another bone
  • There is a pivot joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae that allow you to rotate your head (atlantoaxial joint)
37
Q

What are ellipsoid joints?

A
  • Needed to accomplish small movements made by your wrist (radiocarpal) joint (like typing on a keyboard)
  • Consists of a oval-shaped end of bone articulating with the elliptical basin of another bone
  • Permits the joint to move around 2 axes and within 2 planes, making it a biaxial joint
38
Q

What are saddle joints?

A
  • Biaxial joint found in the articulation between your trapezium (carpal bone of the wrist) and your first metacarpal bone of the thumb
  • Composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces and afford back and forth as well as side to side motions
39
Q

What are ball-and-socket joints?

A
  • Generate the wide sweep of movement available at your hip (coxal) and shoulder (glenohumeral) joints
  • Where the spherical surface of one bone fits into the dish-shaped depression of another bone
  • Is a triaxial joint since it can move in 3 axis and in 3 planes
40
Q

What are gliding joints?

A
  • Joints found in carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the foot
  • Demands an articulation that allows the least movement of all synovial joints
  • Usually situated between 2 flat articular surfaces and there movement consists of sliding
  • Since these joints are not involved in rotational movement, they are considered nonaxial
41
Q

Role of myofascial units in joints?

A
  • Made up of muscles and fascia
  • Assist in moving the joints, by pulling on one (or both) of the bones found in a joint
  • Assist in bearing weight and shock absorbed by joints
  • Assist in creating a balance between mobility and stability
42
Q

What is joint mobility?

A
  • A range of motion that a joint can move through without limitation from adjacent structures
  • Affected by the shape of the bones, the design of the joint capsule and ligaments, and by the surrounding muscles and fascia
43
Q

What is joint stability?

A
  • No joint could function on mobility alone, since each require stability
  • Joints can be vulnerable
  • Defined as the capacity to withstand joint displacement
  • The joint capsule provides passive restraint (keep foot attached to leg)
  • The muscles and tendons provide active restraint (contractions of the leg help to hold your foot to your leg)
44
Q

What does range of motion mean?

A
  • The amount of movement of a joint and is often expressed in degrees
  • Structural factors such as the shape of the joint surfaces, will affect the span of available movement
  • The elasticity of your joint capsules and surrounding ligaments, as well as your muscles strength and tightness, will greatly determine your joints range of motion
  • Age, genetics, gender and injury can also affect this
45
Q

What is active range of motion?

A
  • The degree of movement that a client can produce using his/her own strength and volition
  • To test a clients active ROM, have them maximally plantar flex and dorsiflex their talocrural joint in the ankle
46
Q

What is passive range of motion?

A
  • The distance that you, the practitioner can passively mobilize your clients joint (can also be determined by the external force of gravity on the body)
  • In this case you could gently flex their ankle in all directions to test their passive ROM
47
Q

What is resisted range of motion?

A
  • Involves your client attempting to perform an action against your resistance
  • Used for many therapeutic purposes including improvement of joint motion
48
Q

What is hypermobility?

A
  • When there is an excess of joint motion
  • Stems from laxity in the joint capsules and ligaments
  • Isn’t necessarily pathological, some individuals just have a bigger range of motion naturally
  • People with hypermobile joints don’t have unstable joints, because they can manage their movements at the extreme ends of their range of motion
49
Q

What is hypomobility?

A
  • Due to constraints to joint mobility
  • Can be caused by scarring of the joint structure, chronically tight muscles, neurological compromise or injury
  • Leads to muscle strains and pinched nerves
  • This also doesn’t necessarily determine an unhealthy condition
50
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A
  • Occurs when the ankle joint is bent such that the superior surface of the foot and toes moves towards the leg
51
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A
  • Occurs when the ankle joint is pointing your toes inferiorly (ballerina on her toes)
52
Q

What is circumduction?

A
  • Sequence of movements in which the proximal end of the appendage remains relatively stationary, with the distal end making a circular motion

MECHANICS 1122 (6 decks)

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