Planes/Axes and Joints Flashcards
1
Q
What are the sagittal planes?
A
- Divide the body into left and right sides
- There are infinite sagittal planes and one midsagittal plane (divides the body into equal left and right halves)
- The descriptive terms medial and lateral relate to the proximity to this plane
- Flexion of the arm or knee anteriorly, works in the sagittal plane (bicep curl)
2
Q
What are the coronal planes?
A
- Divide the body into front and back portions
- The descriptive terms posterior and anterior are defined by these planes
- adduction and abduction of the limbs occur in the coronal plane (jumping jacks)
3
Q
What are the transverse planes?
A
- Divide the body into upper and lower parts
- The descriptive terms superior and inferior are defined by these planes
- Tend to be rotational movements, like shaking your head “no” or doing russian twists
4
Q
What are the oblique planes?
A
- Any plane that combines 2 or 3 cardinal planes
- Often dynamic movements work in oblique planes, or any angled movements in general
5
Q
What is the sagittal axis?
A
- Involved in lateral flexion of the spine
- Runs anterior to posterior through the torso
- Cartwheels rotate through this axis
6
Q
What is the frontal axis?
A
- Involved in anterior to posterior rotational movements
- Runs medial to lateral through the body
- Front flips rotate through this axis
7
Q
What is the vertical axis?
A
- Runs superior to inferior
- Down through the head and spine
- Pirouette turns rotate through this axis
8
Q
What is the oblique axis?
A
- Perpendicular axis, that is demonstrated in a combination of flexion, abduction and external rotation
- Fondu barre exercise works in this axis
9
Q
What does flexion mean?
A
- The action of bending
- Tipping your head inferiorly is flexion
10
Q
What does extension mean?
A
- The action of extending
- Lifting your head up superiorly is extension
11
Q
What is rotation?
A
- The action of rotating around an axis
- Shaking your head “no” is rotation
12
Q
What is lateral flexion?
A
- The side to side action (coronal plane) around a sagittal axis
- Tipping your ear towards your shoulder laterally is this type of flexion
13
Q
What is adduction?
A
- Retractional movement
- Towards the midline (medial)
- Lat pull-downs has adduction of the scapulas
14
Q
What is abduction?
A
- Protractional movement
- Away from the midline (lateral)
- Punching a bag has abduction of the scapula
15
Q
What is elevation?
A
- Movement in the superior direction
- Lifting weights elevates your scapulas
16
Q
What is depression?
A
- Movement in the inferior direction
- Lowering weights depresses your scapulas
17
Q
What is a joint?
A
- A point of contact between 2 or more bones
- On a larger level, it links one segment of your body to another
- More than 150 joints in the human body
- Composed entirely of connective tissue
- Many form the pivot points from which your bones rotate and your body movement occurs
- The primary role of joints is movement, which allows body articulations to occur
- They cannot move on their own, myofascial units team up to create movements, however joints simply permit the action to transpire
18
Q
What do ligaments and joint capsules do for joints?
A
- All mobility without stability would result in injury, so ligaments and joint capsules limit the movement created at a joint
19
Q
What is a synarthrotic joint?
A
- Permits very little to movement
20
Q
What is a amphiarthrotic joint?
A
- Permits a limited amount of movement
21
Q
What is a diarthrotic joint?
A
- Permits free movement articulations
22
Q
What differentiates joint structure?
A
- Some are compact or loose
- Some allow movement in all directions or don’t even budge
- Classified by their function or structure
- Structure is differentiated mainly by the type of connective tissue used to unite the bones, and whether there is space between the articulating bones
23
Q
What are the three classes of joints?
A
- Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
24
Q
What are fibrous joints?
A
- Has no synovial cavity
- Bound together by dense, fibrous connective tissue
- Designed for little or no movement
- 3 types: sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses
25
Q
What is a suture joint?
A
- Fibrous joint formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue
- Found only between bones of the skull
- Interlocking edges provide strength and protection from injury
- As immovable junctions, sutures are classified as synarthrosis
26
Q
What is a syndesmosis joint?
A
- A fibrous joint that demands strength and a bit of movement (classified as amphiarthrosis)
- Fastens bones together with either a sheet of fibrous connective tissue or a bundle of connective tissue
27
Q
What is a gomphosis joint?
A
- A fibrous joint that is found in your teeth
- Specifically between your teeth roots and the sockets of your maxillary and mandibular bones of the jaw
- These joints are stabilized by the periodontal ligament
- Classified as synarthrosis because its immovable but not always (teeth fall out!)
28
Q
What are cartilaginous joints?
A
- Similar to a fibrous joint, it lacks a synovial cavity and permits little to no movement
- Articulating bones are firmly held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage (determines 2 different types of cartilaginous joints)
29
Q
What is a synchondrosis joint?
A
- A type of cartilaginous joint that is only connected by hyaline cartilage
- The costal cartilage junction between your first rib and the manubrium is an example of this joint
30
Q
What is a symphysis joint?
A
- A type of cartilaginous joint that also has its articulating bones covered in hyaline cartilage
- Additionally contains a fibrocartilage disc to connect its articulating bones
- All symphysis joints are found along the midline of the body
- The pubic symphysis, the junction between the sternum and manubrium, and the intervertebral joints between the bodies of vertebrae are all examples of symphysis joints
31
Q
What are synovial joints?
A
- Built with movement in mind, unlike fibrous and cartilaginous joints
- The major joints of your body including the shoulders, hips, knees, elbows, ankles and wrists all fall under this category
- Synovial joints are diarthrotic (freely moveable)
32
Q
What are the specific parts that make up synovial joints?
A
- Meniscus (only found between femur and tibia in the knee joint) is a key part of synovial joints
- Hyaline cartilage is found on articulating bones
- Ligaments (dense connective tissue) stabilize and limit mobility in these joints
- Fat pads are found in non-articulating bone regions where ‘stuffing’ is needed
- A bursa is strategically positioned between moving structures to reduce friction and absorb force
- Synovial joints are completely enveloped by a joint capsule
33
Q
What is synovial membrane?
A
- Found in the bursa and joint capsule of synovial joints
- Internal layer of the joint capsule, and the ‘filling’ of the bursa
- Responsible for the production of synovial fluid (lubricates articular surfaces and reduces friction between the bones and joint components
34
Q
What are the types of synovial joints?
A
- Hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball-and-socket, and gliding
35
Q
What are hinge joints?
A
- Joints of your ankles, elbows, fingers and more
- Comparable to a door hinge
- Only joint that allows movement only around one axis and within one plane
- Termed as uniaxial joint
36
Q
What are pivot joints?
A
- Needed for rotation
- Designed like a doorknob
- Functions by having the surface of one bone spin within the ring-shaped surface of another bone
- There is a pivot joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae that allow you to rotate your head (atlantoaxial joint)
37
Q
What are ellipsoid joints?
A
- Needed to accomplish small movements made by your wrist (radiocarpal) joint (like typing on a keyboard)
- Consists of a oval-shaped end of bone articulating with the elliptical basin of another bone
- Permits the joint to move around 2 axes and within 2 planes, making it a biaxial joint
38
Q
What are saddle joints?
A
- Biaxial joint found in the articulation between your trapezium (carpal bone of the wrist) and your first metacarpal bone of the thumb
- Composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces and afford back and forth as well as side to side motions
39
Q
What are ball-and-socket joints?
A
- Generate the wide sweep of movement available at your hip (coxal) and shoulder (glenohumeral) joints
- Where the spherical surface of one bone fits into the dish-shaped depression of another bone
- Is a triaxial joint since it can move in 3 axis and in 3 planes
40
Q
What are gliding joints?
A
- Joints found in carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the foot
- Demands an articulation that allows the least movement of all synovial joints
- Usually situated between 2 flat articular surfaces and there movement consists of sliding
- Since these joints are not involved in rotational movement, they are considered nonaxial
41
Q
Role of myofascial units in joints?
A
- Made up of muscles and fascia
- Assist in moving the joints, by pulling on one (or both) of the bones found in a joint
- Assist in bearing weight and shock absorbed by joints
- Assist in creating a balance between mobility and stability
42
Q
What is joint mobility?
A
- A range of motion that a joint can move through without limitation from adjacent structures
- Affected by the shape of the bones, the design of the joint capsule and ligaments, and by the surrounding muscles and fascia
43
Q
What is joint stability?
A
- No joint could function on mobility alone, since each require stability
- Joints can be vulnerable
- Defined as the capacity to withstand joint displacement
- The joint capsule provides passive restraint (keep foot attached to leg)
- The muscles and tendons provide active restraint (contractions of the leg help to hold your foot to your leg)
44
Q
What does range of motion mean?
A
- The amount of movement of a joint and is often expressed in degrees
- Structural factors such as the shape of the joint surfaces, will affect the span of available movement
- The elasticity of your joint capsules and surrounding ligaments, as well as your muscles strength and tightness, will greatly determine your joints range of motion
- Age, genetics, gender and injury can also affect this
45
Q
What is active range of motion?
A
- The degree of movement that a client can produce using his/her own strength and volition
- To test a clients active ROM, have them maximally plantar flex and dorsiflex their talocrural joint in the ankle
46
Q
What is passive range of motion?
A
- The distance that you, the practitioner can passively mobilize your clients joint (can also be determined by the external force of gravity on the body)
- In this case you could gently flex their ankle in all directions to test their passive ROM
47
Q
What is resisted range of motion?
A
- Involves your client attempting to perform an action against your resistance
- Used for many therapeutic purposes including improvement of joint motion
48
Q
What is hypermobility?
A
- When there is an excess of joint motion
- Stems from laxity in the joint capsules and ligaments
- Isn’t necessarily pathological, some individuals just have a bigger range of motion naturally
- People with hypermobile joints don’t have unstable joints, because they can manage their movements at the extreme ends of their range of motion
49
Q
What is hypomobility?
A
- Due to constraints to joint mobility
- Can be caused by scarring of the joint structure, chronically tight muscles, neurological compromise or injury
- Leads to muscle strains and pinched nerves
- This also doesn’t necessarily determine an unhealthy condition
50
Q
What is dorsiflexion?
A
- Occurs when the ankle joint is bent such that the superior surface of the foot and toes moves towards the leg
51
Q
What is plantar flexion?
A
- Occurs when the ankle joint is pointing your toes inferiorly (ballerina on her toes)
52
Q
What is circumduction?
A
- Sequence of movements in which the proximal end of the appendage remains relatively stationary, with the distal end making a circular motion
