Places and Regeneration Flashcards
Define place
Geographical spaces shaped by individuals + communities over time
Define rural-urban continuum
Unbroken transition from sparsely populated or unpopulated, remote rural places to densely populated, intensively used urban places
Define and give examples of regeneration
(Place making) long-term upgrading of existing places or more drastic renewal schemes for urban residential, retail, industrial + commercial areas, as well as rural areas
E.g. knocking down derelict buildings + rebuilding, improving existing buildings + areas, changing image of place through rebranding + re imaging
Define and give Examples of primary sector
Extraction of raw materials from the ground or sea
Fishing, farming, miners
E.g. Cornwall
Define and give Example of secondary sector
Manufacturing + processing of raw materials into goods
Factory worker e.g. manufacturing, food processing
E.g. Birmingham
Define and give Examples of tertiary sector
Service sector, including tourism + banking
Teacher, doctor, banking, tourism, education, healthcare
Everywhere
Define and give examples of quaternary
High tech research + design
IT, media, high-tech R&D
London or Cambridge
describe how the economy has changed from 1841 to 2011
In 1841 the main employment sector was secondary (36%), followed by tertiary (33%) and lasty primary (22%). Whereas, in 2011 top was tertiary (81%), then Secondary (9%), Primary (1%). This shows there has been a huge increase of employment in the tertiary sector between 1841 - 2011.
Explain the different employment types
•employees with contracts (permanent or fixed; in 2015 18.4 million people had full-time contracts + 9 million part-time contracts (a growing trend)
•workers (agency staff + volunteers)
•Self-employed (freelancers, consultants + contractors)
•skilled
•unskilled
•supervisory
•management
•employment
•part-time (contract v ‘gig’)
•full-time
•zero hour contract
explain how globalisation has changed employment patterns in the UK
Globalisation has caused an increase in quinary employment in the UK - better education So people can access these higher paid + skilled jobs. And a decrease in primary + Secondary employment - moved to LIC’s
Explain Successful place
•low levels of deprivation
•good services
•high wages
•good education
•good healthcare
•high life expectancy
•leisure
•tourism
•accessible
•transport
•attractive
•low crime
•no homelessness
•well kept buildings
•people + investments drawn to area
•however: causes overheated property prices, congestion of reads and public transport, skill shortages
•different perception of residents: young vs retired, skilled vs unskilled, rural vs urban
•examples: Palo Alto and Silicon Valley
State the difference between space and place
Space:
•abstract
•independent/freedom
•undifferentiated/open
•movement
Place:
•known
•attachment, security
•stable, ‘value’ laden
3 ways employment type affects a place
•types of buildings
•shops/services
•housing
Define and give examples of quinary
Knowledge management and consultancy, leadership + CEOs
London or south east England
Identify location of life expectancy and earnings in the UK + trends
High earning in south
Lower earnings in middle + south west
High life expectancy in south
Lower life expectancy in north
Positive correlation - higher earnings, higher life expectancy
Successful v unsuccessful place examples
Successful: Berkshire or Oxford
Unsuccessful: Middlesbrough
Regeneration case studies - UK
East Manchester:
•improve housing, education + economy, improve environment
•the legacy of the 2002 Commonwealth Games
•investment by ADUG + Metro-Link extension
Grampound (mid-Cornwall):
•Community shop
Factors affecting sustainability of the plan
•economic environment
•community engagement
•cost
•government priorities
•existing conditions
•demographics (age, ethnicity, education, health)
Objective of regeneration
To create socially, economically + environmentally sustainable communities
Who decides regeneration plan
Stakeholders including local, national governments, communities + business
4 different localities
•sink estates
•gated communities
•commuter villages
•declining rural settlements
Define civic engagement
The ways that people participate in their community in order to improve the quality of life or shape the future
What affects levels of engagement
Wealth, age, religion, length of residence, ethnicity, gender, anti-establishment, in temporary housing
Define lived experience
Depend on family situation, family culture, educational experience, life cycle, living spaces + personal interests - these affect their judgments about places + situations + lead to the perceptions, views + opinions
Conflict case study
London riots, early August 2011 - regeneration in Tottenham
Case study for area suffering from economic restructuring
Rust Belt USA -> Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania
Define infrastructure
The basic physical systems of a place:
•economic infrastructure includes highways, energy distribution, water and sewage facilities, and telecommunication networks
•social infrastructure includes public housing, hospitals, schools and universities
3 major UK infrastructure projects
•HS2
•Heathrow expansion
•crossrail
Define northern powerhouse
Governments vision for a super-connected, globally-competitive northern economy with a flourishing private sector, a highly-skilled population, and world-renowned civic and business leadership
Define social goods
Something that benefits the largest number of people in the largest possible way, such as clean air, clean water, healthcare, and literacy
Policies to reduce inequality
•tax + benefits system
•education, skills + training
•balanced economic growth
Compare the south to the north
South: private sector dominant, higher average household gross disposable income, lower unemployment, higher average house prices, better education, higher life expectancy, better infrastructure, higher spending per person on infrastructure
North: heavily dependent on public sector
What factors have contributed to the housing shortage in the UK
•increased population
•increased households due to increased divorce
•increased wealth meaning more rooms than needed
•overseas investors meaning unoccupied housing
•lack of affordable/social housing due to right to buy scheme
How does planning regulation impact regeneration
•planning laws
•house building targets
•housing affordability
•permission for fracking
Planning regulation positive v negative
Positive: create jobs, attract business + workers, boost economic growth with affordable housing
Negative: reduce jobs in other areas, force business + workers to relocate, decrease economic growth
Define fracking and give benefits + problems
‘Hydraulic fracturing’ through which gas deposited in shale can be exploited
Benefits: UK energy security (remove need to import gas)
Problems: industrial eyesores and disruption, earthquakes
Deregulation in the 1980s
•deregulation of UKs financial sector under Margaret Thatcher
•London stock exchange lost control of share dealings - anyone can trade in shares + can invest
•barriers overseas banks were removed
•foreign investors didn’t need government approval
Why do governments want immigrants
To fill low skilled jobs, bring culture, larger workforce, more homes built, increase tax revenues, spend more in local economy, local business make more money, employ more workers
Players:
•Department for communities + local government
•UK trade + investment
•department for environment food + rural affairs
•home office
2 case studies for regeneration
•queen Elizabeth Olympic park London
•the Powys regeneration partnership
What can the local government do to attract investors
•give a tax ‘holiday’ or concession
•give free or subsidised land
•subsidise building infrastructure
•discounts on business rates
•tax relief on capital allowances
•simplified planning applications
•additional or improved services, identified by the local business
•’place shaping’ local town centres + industrial estates
•promote local business districts
Science parks
•Cambridge
•Oxford
•start ups, incubation, attracts businesses
Case study for local decision making
Aylesbury
Define rebranding
The ‘marketing aspect of regeneration designed to attract businesses, residents + visitors. It often includes re/imaging.
Define re-imaging
Making a place more attractive + desirable to invest + live in or visit
Rural challenges
Lack of jobs, lack of services, lack of transport, seasonal wage, unreliable wifi/electric, infrastructure issues, elderly people
3 areas for rural regeneration
•heritage + literacy associations
•farm diversification + specialised products
•outdoor pursuits + adventure in accessible + remote area
Cornwall rural regeneration
•the Eden project
•Padstow
•new slogan ‘cool Cornwall’
•extreme sports
•Jamie Oliver’s 15 restaurant
Blaenau Ffestiniog, Gwynedd
•slate mining
•bounce below, zip line
•trains
Rural + urban rebranding case studies
Urban: the titanic quarter, Belfast (Northern Ireland)
Rural: Cornwall, Brontë Country
Regeneration case study
Glasgow
Define catalyst
The method used or event that starts a regeneration scheme, such as the building of a new shopping mall, leisure facility, creation of a country park or holding an event
For example, Olympics
Define area based initiatives
ABls aim to improve selected people or places within a specific location and include educational attainment, enhancing crime prevention and reducing unemployment.
Define poverty
Poverty is relative to the place and time people live in. The poverty threshold used in the UK is households with an income of less than 60 per cent of the national median, after housing costs are included.
Define legacy
The longer-term effects of a regeneration scheme
Aims of regeneration
Increase income
Increase employment
Decrease poverty
Define social progress
How an individual + community improve their relative status in society over time
Define baseline data
The information used to compare present-day characteristics with, for example, past land-use maps, photographs and statistics.
Regeneration attempts to break the spiral of rural decline
lack of employment opportunities → out migration of the young. → less business for local services →Shrinking jobs market → services close → Service deprivation → low wages + incomes → property brought as second homes → house price inflation → further out-migration
Why assess success of regeneration project
•ensure that money is effectively spent
•to meet a real need
•to learn what works + what doesn’t work
Which quantitative + qualitative sources could you use to assess the success of a regeneration strategy
•effective land use: photographs, property prices
•development of industry: employment rates, industry sectors, number of employers
•attractive environment: blog posts etc, population growth, pollution/green space index, property prices
•housing + social facilities: IMD, housing statistics
Define benefit-cost ratios
The balance between investment + outcomes; a positive ratio is desirable
Define sustainability
Regeneration that creates long-lasting economic, social + environmental benefits for a place
Case study of regeneration evaluation
London dockland development cooperation
Way to measure success of regeneration
The Egan wheel
Define distance decay
the further away you are from something, the less influence there is likely to be. Hence the impacts of regeneration are probably highest in and immediately around the place targeted.
Define location quotient
A mapable ratio which helps show specialisation in any data distribution being studied. A figure equal to or close to 1.00 suggests national and local patterns are similar with no particular specialisation, such as retailing. LQs over 1 show a concentration of that type of employment locally.
Define gross value added
Measures the contribution to the economy of each individual producer, industry or sector. It is used in calculating GDP.
Define postcode lottery
This refers to the uneven distribution of local personal health and health services nationally, especially in mental health, early diagnosis of cancer and emergency care for the elderly
Define Glasgow effect
The impacts of poor health linked to deprivation.
Define quality of life
The level of social and economic well-being experienced by individuals or communities measured by various indicators including health, happiness, educational achievement, income and leisure time.
Define functions
The roles a place plays for its community and surroundings. Some, usually larger places, offer regional, national or even global functions. Functions may grow, disappear and change over time. There is a hierarchy according to size and number of functions.
Define characteristics
The physical and human aspects that help distinguish one place from another: location, natural features, layout, land use, architecture and cultural traits.
Define connections
Any type of physical, social or online linkages between places. Places may keep some of their characteristics or change them as a result.
Local contrasting places
Finham vs Hillfields
