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A-level Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Enquiry Question 1

Define Transnational corporations

A

Company that operates worldwide

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2
Q

Define gross domestic product (GDP)

A

All the money a country earns per year

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3
Q

Define emerging economies

A

Countries that are newly industrialised

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4
Q

Define remittances

A

Money sent back to the home country

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5
Q

Define interdependency

A

Becoming reliant on something

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6
Q

Define globalisation

A

The integration of countries around the world (global connection)

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7
Q

Positives + negatives of globalisation

A

Positives:
•Technology - travel, phones, internet
•Speed of exchange - travel, communication
•Take advantage of conditions - made cheaper bought cheaper
•connections are lengthening
•connections are faster
•connections are deepening

Negatives:
•When companies move to other poorer countries, people in the richer country lose jobs, the other country gain jobs but are low paid so remain poor
•Climate change - transport - co_2 - global warming

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8
Q

Define shrinking world effect/the time-space compression

A

The world begins to feel smaller as travel times reduce

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9
Q

What developments have accelerated the ‘shrinking world’?

A

•transport has allowed the value of trade to increase
•large manufacturing companies (Ford + General Motors) able to export products more widely
•steam power, railways, telephone + telegraph, jet aircraft, container shipping
•internet - link computers
•GIS + GPS (global internet/position system) - deliveries can be tracked by companies
•broadband - large amounts of data moved fast through cyberspace
•fibre optics

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10
Q

Case study for globalisation through transport?

A

EasyJet

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11
Q

Define tariff

A

A tax imposed on imports

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12
Q

Define subsidy

A

Financial assistance to a business by government to make it competitive or prevent collapse

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13
Q

Define quota

A

A limit on the quantity of a good a country allows into the country

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14
Q

Define protectionism

A

Policies to protect businesses and workers in a country by restricting/regulating trade with foreign nations

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15
Q

Define free-market economy

A

A market economy based on supply and demand with little or no government control

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16
Q

Define free-trade

A

A policy where a government does not interfere with imports or exports by applying tariffs, subsidies or quotas

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17
Q

Define privatisation

A

Transferring ownership of a public service/ agency/ property into private ownership run for profit

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18
Q

Define neoliberalism

A

a political philosophy of free markets, free made, privatisation and increasing the role of busness in society (While decreasing the influence of government).

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19
Q

What does SAP’s stand for

A

Structural Adjustment Programmes

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20
Q

Problem with governments removing barriers

A

•TNC’s see a profit and want to invest as costs are reduced
•TNC’S bring new ideas, products, cultures etc
•The TNC will geneate wealth
•This will incresse sandard of life + demand for foreign products
•Country become interconnected + interdependent on eachother.

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21
Q

What does FDI stand for

A

Foreign Direct Investment

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22
Q

Define offshoring

A

TNCs build new production facilities in ‘offshore’ low wage economies (Nike, coca-cola, Fender)

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23
Q

Define foreign mergers

A

Two firms agree to work together (Royal Dutch Shell - headquarters in UK + Netherlands)

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24
Q

Define foreign acquisitions

A

TNC launches a takeover of a company in another country (Cadbury - owned by American company)

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25
Q

Define transfer pricing

A

TNC channelled profits through a subsidiary company in the low tax country such as Ireland (Starbucks + Amazon)

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26
Q

Three examples of free trade

A

•World Trade Organisation
•IMF
•World Bank

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27
Q

Trade blocs?

A

(intergovernmental agreement)
•use trade for economic stability - want free trade with each other - this meant tariffs on other countries
•economies of scale increased - cheaper
•foreign mergers within the trading bloc

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28
Q

Types of trade blocs

A

•preferential trade area - lower barriers among members
•free trade area - eliminate internal barriers but mainin inderpendant external barriers - NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
•customs union - eliminate internal barriers, agree on common external barriers - EU
•common market - eliminate internal barriers, adopt common external barriers, allow free movement of resources among member countries - Mercosur
•economic union - eliminate internal barriers, adopt common external barriers, free movement of resources, and a uniform set of economic policies - EU
•full integration - US

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29
Q

2 case studies of policies used to globalise

A

•UK
•China

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30
Q

What does LDCs stand for

A

Least Developed Countries

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31
Q

Ways to measure globalisation

A

•A.T. Kearney World Cities Index
KOF index

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32
Q

What is a winner

A

Switched- on/globalised

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33
Q

What is a loser

A

Switched-off/not globalised

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34
Q

What factors prevent being switched on

A

•physical
•human
•challenges

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35
Q

Examples of trade blocs

A

•ASEAN
•EU
•NAFTA
•BRICs

36
Q

Define outsourcing

A

The delegation of one or more business processes to an external provider, who then owns, manages + administers the selected processes to an agreed standard

37
Q

Define global production network (GPN)

A

Series of arrangements, Just In Time (JIT)

38
Q

Define glocalistation

A

Adapting global product to fit local condition (McDonalds - no beef in India)

39
Q

Enquiry Question 2

Define deindustrialisation

A

Rich countries loose secondary manufacturing (Coventry)

40
Q

Define externalities

A

Unintended consequences

41
Q

Define global shift

A

Manufacturing work moved from richer to poorer countries

42
Q

Externalities of global shift

A

Child labour, suppression of trade unions, pollution, exploitation etc

43
Q

Externalities of globalisation

A

•social - communication (Skype) , better quality of life
- but: health issues from TNCs, exploitation, child labour

•Environmental- TNCs mean well, better sewage systems
- but: destruction of habitats, transport (CO_2 emissions), not meeting COP, global warming, polluting industries

•Economic - more jobs in LICs + NICs, more money, cheaper prices, decreased travel prices, SAPs
-but: widening gap between rich + poor (People left Switched-off), TNCs more poverful than goverment, brain dain (LICs loose brightest people- move), deindustralisation - long term employment in previously industrial cities leading to longer term social problems (manchester/Sheffield)

44
Q

Spiral of decline

A

Inner city area, old factories close, land becomes derelict, jobs lost, leave inner city, fewer services needed, more jobs lost, more people leave, elderly and low income stay, little money into area - run down, more crime and vandalism, quality of life gets worse

45
Q

Social impacts of global shift

A

•glocalisation - range of sevices into nations, global education
•negatives - factory workers loose jobs, child labour (1 in 10 children), migration (depopulation)
•Hong Kong + Singapore

46
Q

Environmental impacts of global shift

A

•transport goods
•economic Specialisation - Shell into Nigeria - mess for peaple
•Decreased biodiversity - increased transport - increased climate change - so decreased biodiversity
•China’s airpocolypse
•Environmental problems for industrialised regions - exporting CO_2 emissions

47
Q

Economic impacts of global shift

A

•cheaper raw materials - easier transport links
•low labour costs in developing countries
•decreased cost of manufacturing
•wide variety of goods
India
•high employment after manufacturing relocation
•deindusalisation - negative Spiral effect
•loss of work force -brain drain - ½ in Uganda

48
Q

Define economic migrant

A

Move for work

49
Q

Define refugee

A

Has to move for safety
Fear of being persecuted for race, religion, nationality, member of social group or political opinion

50
Q

Define asylum seeker

A

Safety seeker

51
Q

Define contripetal migration

A

Rural to urban

52
Q

Define emigrant

A

Moves out

53
Q

Define immigrant

A

Moves in

54
Q

Define net migration

A

People moving in - people moving out

55
Q

What is migration theory

A

Push factor, intervening obstacles, pull factors

56
Q

Types of migrant

A

Displaced persons, voluntary migrants, illegal migrants

57
Q

2 case studies of mega cities

A

Karachi vs Mumbai

58
Q

What makes a global hub

A

•host TNCs
•easy access
•growing economy
•stable government
•connected
•trading
•diverse
•physical factors
•human factors
•migration

59
Q

3 types of population movement

A

•elite international migration
•low wage international migrants
•internal migration

60
Q

Define cultural traits

A

Things that identify us as a certain culture:
•language
•food
•clothing
•religion
•traditions

61
Q

Define cultural imperialism

A

A major power imposes ideas or values on less powerful nations (Willingly alter culture to follow others)

62
Q

Define soft power

A

The global influence a country derives from its culture, its political values and its diplomacy

63
Q

Source countries of global brands

A

Pattern of most global brands originated from America. There are signs that western brands are beginning to influence culture too as China, Germany and Japan also have some global brands.

64
Q

Define homogeneous

A

Globalised

65
Q

What is the American dream

A

Freedom, success, the best, admired

66
Q

America’s soft power and cultural imperialism

A

Not forced brands on people but people want it as it is seen as successful. Follow others - buy the brand. Voluntarily following Americanisation.

67
Q

What is global culture

A

Religious beliefs, attitudes, morals, ethics, language, art, dress, symbols, behaviour norms, laws

68
Q

Define democracy

A

The belief that a developed society is one where everyone has the right to vote

69
Q

Define individualism

A

The belief that individuals should have the right to pursue their own actions and dreams

70
Q

Define consumerism

A

The belief that wealth, and the ability to buy goods and services leads to happiness

71
Q

Define technology

A

The belief that problems can be solved by using technology

72
Q

Define economic freedom

A

The belief that markets should be free, and people should be at liberty to make money how they choose

73
Q

Define westernisation

A

The process of global culture being dominated by USA and Europe

74
Q

Define Mcdonaldisation

A

The principle of the fast-food restaurant dominating more societies around the world: efficiency, calculability, predictability, control

75
Q

Changing diets in Asia

A

•increase in meat consumption
•lots of agricultural jobs
•increase in transportation - damage environment

76
Q

Indigenous lifestyles

A

•people no longer value local ecosystems
•get an income, education and health improvements for their children
•hunting endangered species for food or to sell

77
Q

Paralympic movement

A

•equal rights for disabled people
•change in attitude towards disabled
•Paralympic games - one of the worlds biggest sporting events - celebrate physical achievements of elite athletes with disabilities

78
Q

The backlash

A

Protests against WTO - 200 arrests in Toronto 2003, now have meetings behind closed doors

79
Q

The cultural continuum

A

Acceptance ^ ‘melting pot’ (or hybridism)
| pluralism
| ‘citizenship testing’
| assimilation
| internet censorship
| religious intolerance
Resistance v closed door to migration

80
Q

Examples of parts of the cultural continuum

A

France - protective of language, 40% of television output must be French

China - strict quota of 34 foreign films a year, rest are Chinese films

Nigeria - try to ban (oil firms) Royal Dutch Shell - accused by amnesty international to bring great damage to environment

81
Q

Enquiry Question 3
Define absolute poverty

A

Live on less than $1 per day

82
Q

Define Millennium Development Goals (now sustainable development goals)

A

Help people out of poverty

83
Q

Define relative poverty

A

Compared to the rest of the area

84
Q

Define informal sector

A

Like people asking to clean your car in the street

85
Q

Define development

A

The process of change socially, environmentally and economically

86
Q

Define development gap

A

The social and economic disparity between the wealthy and the poor, locally and globally

87
Q

What is shown by the development cable

A

The level of development, the outcomes of development and integral to development

A-level Geography (2 decks)

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