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Animal Repro > Placentation, Gestation, and Parturition (3) > Flashcards

Placentation, Gestation, and Parturition (3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three final prepartum steps of repro?

A

formation of placenta, aquisition of endocrine function of placenta, and initiation of parturition

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2
Q

define gestation

A

period of time female is pregnant

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3
Q

what are euthrerian mammals?

A

mammals with placenta

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4
Q

define implantation

A

attachment of placental membrane to endometrium

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5
Q

what species is true implantation?

A

humans

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6
Q

define placenta

A

organ of metabolic exchange between conceptus and dam

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7
Q

what is the placenta responsible for?

A

maintain pregnancy and induction of parturition

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8
Q

define parturition

A

giving birth

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9
Q

what inititiates parturition?

A

the fetus

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10
Q

what are the four events that occur during parturition?

A

myometrial contractions, dilation of cervix, expulsion of fetus, expulsion of extraembryonic membranes

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11
Q

define conceptus

A

embryo and extraembryonic membranes

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12
Q

define chorion villus

A

functional unit of fetal placenta

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13
Q

what are the four types of placentas?

A

diffuse, zonary, discoid, cotyledonary

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14
Q

what animal has a diffuse placenta?

A

pigs

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15
Q

describe a diffuse placenta

A

velvet like surface with many closely spaced chorionic villi

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16
Q

initial attachment of the diffuse placenta

A

day 12

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17
Q

when is the diffuse placenta well established

A

day 18-20

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18
Q

what animals have a zonary placenta?

A

dogs and cats

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19
Q

describe a zonary placenta

A

pigmented ring on either end, important for iron transport

20
Q

transport zone equals…

A

poor vascularity

21
Q

what animals have a cotylledonary placenta?

A

ruminants

22
Q

describe a cotyledonary placenta

A

discrete button like structures called cotyledons

23
Q

how many cotyledons do sheep and cows have?

A

sheep have 90-100, cows have 70-100

24
Q

define placentome

A

point of interface between fetal cotyledon and maternal cotyledon that originates from the caruncles

25
Q

what placenta is essentially diffuse before attachment?

A

cotyledonary

26
Q

when does intial attachment occur for a cotyledonary placenta?

A

cow day 25, sheep day 16

27
Q

when is the cotyledonary placenta well established?

A

cow day 40, sheep day 30

28
Q

what are placentas classified by?

A

number of placental layers that separate fetal blood from the maternal blood

29
Q

how many layers is an epitheliochorial placenta?

A

6

30
Q

how many layers is an endotheliochorial placenta?

A

5

31
Q

how many layers is a hemochorial placenta?

A

3

32
Q

what do the hormones secreted by the placenta do?

A

stimulate ovarian function, amintain pregnancy, influence fetal growth, stimulate mammary function, and assist in parturiton

33
Q

how many stages are there to parturition?

A

3

34
Q

what are the three stages of parturition?

A

initation of conceptus, expulsion of fetus, and expulsion of fetal membranes

35
Q

what is secreted by the fetus during stress?

A

fetal cortisol

36
Q

what does fetal cortisol do?

A

causes enzymes to be made to convert progesterone to estradiol and causes placenta to produce prostaglandin

37
Q

when does the CL start to regress?

A

stage one during contractions

38
Q

what happens in stage two of parturition?

A

fetus is in the cervical canal

39
Q

what is relaxin?

A

glycoprotein produced by CL or placenta

40
Q

what does relaxin do?

A

stimulated by prostaglandin, softens cervix and relaxes pelvic ligaments

41
Q

what initiates secretions?

A

estradiol

42
Q

what does mucous do?

A

lubricates birth canal

43
Q

define dystocia

A

difficult birth

44
Q

when does dystocia typically occur?

A

during stage 2

45
Q

three causes of dystocia

A

large fetus, failure to fetal rotation, multiple birth in monotoccus species

Animal Repro (13 decks)

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