Placental transfer

Question 1

Which medication can cross placenta?

1. Volatile anesthetics
2. Propofol
3. Opioids (produce respiratory depression in fetus the most?) Remifentanyl is metabolized by esterase which present in fetal circulation.
4. Muscle relaxants
5. Local anesthetics (Bupivacaine vs Lidocaine and Why)
6. Ephedrine, Phenylephrine,
7. Beta blocker,
8. Antihistamine
9. Atropine, Scopolamine, Glycopyrrolate (Why)

Answer 1

1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Yes (Morphine the most and fentanyl is the least)
4. No
5. Yes, (Lidocaine transferred the most due to low protein binding)
6. Yes
7. Yes
8. Yes
9. Yes: Atropine and Scopolamine but not Glycopyrrolate (Glycopyrrolate has polarity)