Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology & Reproduction > Placental function and pregnancy > Flashcards

Placental function and pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the placenta

A

3 blood vessels

2 foetal membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 blood vessels of placenta

A

2 veins to carry oxygenated blood from mother’s heart to baby
one artery to carry deoxygenated blood away from the baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what carries deoxygenated blood away from baby

A

artery of placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what carries oxygenated blood to baby from mother

A

veins of placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the two foetal membranes

A

amnion closest to amniotic fluid

chorion on the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which foetal membrane is closest to amniotic fluid

A

amnion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which membrane is on the outside of placenta

A

chorion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what increases SA of placenta’s blood vessels

A

tree-like structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many layers of cells are there between maternal blood and placenta

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why dont maternal and foetal blood directly connect

A
  • at birth mother would bleed out

- foetus cannot withstand mothers BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does placenta recieve mother’s blood supply

A

spiral arteries of the placenta attach to the vessels of the endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do spiral arteries pevent bleeding out at birth

A

spiral artiers are clamped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when does the placenta begin to develop

A

implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

before the placenta, what is major source of prgesterone

A

corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does implantation occur

A

blastocys attatches then trophoblast forms migrating columns to invade endometrium to reach maternal vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do trophoblast differentiate to at day 7

A

cytotrophoblasts and outer syncytiotrophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do syncytiotrophoblast do

A

form basis primary vili stems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do cytotrophoblasts do

A

form finger like projections that extend through syncytiotrophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when are spiral arteries plugged

A
  • until oxygen is needed at end of first trimester

- at birth to prevent bleeding out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what would happen if spiral artieres werent plugged during first trimester

A

there would be too much oxidative stress for foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does foetus get oxygen and nutrtients in first trimester

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the ideal conditon of placenta in frist trimester

A

hypoxic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does hypoxic environment do

A

ensure angiogenesis and protects foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when is hypoxic environment needed

A

first trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the transition between week 6 and 10 for

A

where both placenta and corpus luteum are producng progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

pros and cons of maternal arteries being plugged in first trimester

A

pro - no oxygen

cons - no nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what provides embryo with nutrition in first trimester

A

endometrial glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what do endometrial glands do

A

provide growth factors and nutrtion for embryo

they are essential for foetal and placental growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where is hCG produced and what is its purpose

A

endometrial glands and essential to maintain corpus luteum for 6-10 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where is glycodelin A produced and what is its purpose

A

endometrial glands and supresses the activity of natural killer cells and it nutrient source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what do endometrial glands prduce

A

hCG and glycodelin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when and why does foetus need maternal blood supply

A

end of first trimester becuase foetus is bigger and needs oxygen and increased nutrtional support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how does foetus get oxygen and increased nutrtional support at end of frist trimester

A

from maternal blood by unplugging of arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

when does unplugging of spiral artiers occur

A

10 weeks end of first trimester

36
Q

what happens when spiral arteries are unplugged

A

placental environment changes from hypoxic to hyperoxic by maternal blood

37
Q

functions of established placenta

A
  • respiratory organ
  • nutrient transfer
  • excretion of foetal waste
  • hormone synthesis
38
Q

how does gas exchange occur between mother and foetus

A

two umbilical arteries remove waste and co2 from baby

one umbilical vein deliverys o2 , nutrients and hormones to baby

39
Q

beneficial feature of foetal Hb

A

very good at getting oxygen, which is good becuase pO2 decreases from maternal to foetal blood

40
Q

what happens to pO2 from maternal to foetal blood

A

decreases, lower in foetus

41
Q

what is the site of placental nutrient transport

A

syncytiotrophoblasts

42
Q

why are syncytiotrophoblasts good for nutrient transport

A
  • short transfer barrier for efficency
43
Q

how are nutrients transported at syncytiotrophoblasts

A

passivley and actively

several mechanisms for AA tranpsort

44
Q

what different methods of AA transport occur at syncytiotrophoblasts

A
  • ATP dependent
  • AA specific
  • concentration gradient dependent
45
Q

how does foetus get glucose

A

placental transfer from mother

46
Q

why is foetus dependent on mother for glucose

A
  • foetus has little capacity for gluconeogenesis becuase enzymes do not function at the ambient low pO2
47
Q

why does foetus have little capacity for gluconeogenesis

A

necessary enzymes dont function at ambient low pO2

48
Q

where does foetus get insulin from

A

synthesises it it self from week 9-11; not from mother

49
Q

what determines glucose metabolism in foetus

A

foetal insulin

50
Q

what does excess glucose do to foetus

A

excess growt & fat depostion

51
Q

what does inadequate glucose cause to foetus

A

emanciation

52
Q

how does glucose travel across placenta

A

actively; predominantly through GLUT1 in second half of pregnancy

53
Q

method of fatty acid transport in placenta

A

diffusion via syncytiotrophoblasts

54
Q

process of fatty acid transport from mother to foetus

A
  • preferantial transfer of long PUFA
  • passive diffusion or membrane carrier proteins
  • binds to intracellular FABP
  • basal membrane FA trasport proteins FAT/CD36 FATP
  • enter foetal circulation and bind to alpha foetal protein
  • go to liver for resestierfication
  • re enter circualtion with lipoproteins mainly as TAG
55
Q

bilirubin

A

orangey-yellow pigment formed in liver by breakdown of Hb

56
Q

what is the role of placenta for bilirubin

A

placenta is an important channel for removing bilirubin

57
Q

why does bilirubin need removing from foetus

A

it is toxic and cannot be brokenn down by foetus becuase have low levels of BUDGT
foetus produces lots of bilirubin becuase of its acive heame conversion

58
Q

why does foetus produce lots of bilirubin

A

active haem conversion

59
Q

how is bilirubin removed

A

moves through channel of placenta down concetration into maternal compartment which has high BUDGT so can breakdown toxic bilirubin

60
Q

what breaks down bilirubin

A

BUDGT

61
Q

BUDGT

A

breaksdown bilirubin

62
Q

where does steroidogenesis occur in pregnancy

A 
3 compartments:
- foetus
- placenta
- maternal circulation 
all make hormones and work in synergy
63
Q

where does the basis of steroid hormones come from in pregnancy

A

cholesterol comes from maternal circuation and enters placenta

64
Q

where does progesterone come from and what are its effects

A

placenta and causes chages in mother’s physiology to prepare for pregnancy

65
Q

what does progesterone block the production of in placenta

A

DHEA-S

66
Q

where does DHEA-S come from

A

foetus

67
Q

why does the placenta need the foetus and maternal circulation

A

it is an incomplete steroid producng organ

68
Q

3 types of pro labour oestrogens

A

oestradiol, ostriol and oestrone

69
Q

effects of oestrogen in pregnancy

A
  • CV adaptation
  • growth of uterus
  • priming of uterus for labour
  • weak anti insulin activity
  • cervical ripening
  • onset of labour
70
Q

effects of progesterones in pregnancy

A
  • prepares and maintains endometrium
  • suppress immune response
  • role in partuition
  • growth of mammary glands
  • ihibtion of uterine contractilty
  • prevention of cervical ripening
71
Q

what causes cervical ripening and onset of labour

A

oestrogens

72
Q

what inhibits uterine contractility and prevents cervical ripeing

A

progesterone

73
Q

effect of hCG in pregnancy

A

maintains corpus luteum

74
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

75
Q

metablic actions of placental lactogen

A
  • induces maternal lipolysis for more NEFA
  • increases maternal insulin to promote protein synthesis and AA mobilisation
  • increases insulin resistance but reduces glucose utilsation to spare for foetus
76
Q
  • induces maternal lipolysis for more NEFA
  • increases maternal insulin to promote protein synthesis and AA mobilisation
  • increases insulin resistance but reduces glucose utilsation to spare for foetus
A

placental lactogen

77
Q
  • prepares and maintains endometrium
  • suppress immune response
  • role in partuition
  • growth of mammary glands
  • ihibtion of uterine contractilty
  • prevention of cervical ripening
A

progesterone in pregnancy

78
Q
  • CV adaptation
  • growth of uterus
  • priming of uterus for labour
  • weak anti insulin activity
  • cervical ripening
  • onset of labour
A

oestrogens in pregnancy

79
Q

corticotrophin releasing hormone in pregnancy

A
  • immunosupression (?)
  • rise near end of gestation
  • used as treatment to increase prostaglandin formation
80
Q
  • immunosupression (?)
  • rise near end of gestation
  • used as treatment to increase prostaglandin formation
A

corticotrophin releasing hormone in pregnancy

81
Q

leptin in pregnancy

A

stimulates placental AA and FA transport

probably important for foetal development and growth

82
Q

stimulates placental AA and FA transport

probably important for foetal development and growth

A

leptin in pregnancy

83
Q

where is leptin secreted from in placenta

A

cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

84
Q

what doe foetal [leptin] correlate positively with

A

birth weight

85
Q

how are maternal leptin levels different in pregnancy

A

higher than normal

Endocrinology & Reproduction (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions