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Endocrinology & Reproduction > Control of ovarian function and menstrual cycle > Flashcards

Control of ovarian function and menstrual cycle Flashcards

1
Q

when do the early stages of gametogenesis occur in females

A

during development before birth

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2
Q

females supply of oocytes is

A

limited

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3
Q

male supply of gametes is

A

unlimited

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4
Q

what controls female reproductive function after puberty

A

hormone cycle and interactions between the ovary and the hypothalamus and pituitary

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5
Q

LH in females

A

control reproductive cycle and ovulation

stimulates oestrogen

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6
Q

FSH in females

A

stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles

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7
Q

what do ovarian follicles consist of

A

squamous follicular cells, oocyte and primordial follicle

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8
Q

where are ovarian follicles

A

scattered throughout ovaries

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9
Q

female reproductive cycle inolves two hormones

A

oestradiol and progesterone - both steroid hormones

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10
Q

where are oestrogens synthesised

A

from androgens

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11
Q

where are oestrogens released

A

ovaries

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12
Q

primary oestrogen iin non-pregnant females

A

oestradiol

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13
Q

what is progesterone

A

steroid hormone derived from same precursos as testosterone and oestrogen

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14
Q

what does progesterone do

A

supports potential pregnancy - pro gestation

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15
Q

what processes is prgesterone involved in

A

menstrual cycle

pregnancy

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16
Q

ovary function

A
  • oogenesis
  • inactive primary ooctye to ovulation
  • menstrual cycle
  • fertilisation and implantation
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17
Q

when does oogenesis start

A

before birth

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18
Q

first cells of oogenesis

A

migratory germ cells; diploid

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19
Q

what happens to migratory germ cells and when

A

divide by mitosis to produce oogonia

starts from 4-8 weeks of foetal development

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20
Q

what happens to oogonia and when

A

divide by asymmetric mitosis to produce one oognoia and one primary ooctye
starts from week 10-20 of foetal development

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21
Q

dna content of oogonia

A

diploid, 46

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22
Q

what happens to oogonia after birth

A

dissappear from ovaries

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23
Q

dna content of primary oocyte

A

diploid; 46

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24
Q

what happens to primary oocytes

A

start meiosis but stop at prophase I and become dormant in uterus until adulthood

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25
Q

what stage of meiosis are primary ooctyes halted

A

prophase I

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26
Q

what happens to primary oocytes halted at prophase I

A

remain dormant in uterus until adulthood

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27
Q

when are primary ooctyes numbers highest

A

before birth

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28
Q

why do primary ooctyes reduce in numbers after birth

A

process of selection; only the best oocytes will survive until after puberty

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29
Q

when are primary ooctye levels too low to maintain reproductive function

A

post menopause

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30
Q

development of follicle in inital recruitment

A
  • primordial follicle
  • primary follicle
  • secondary/antral follice
    ovarian cycle
  • mature follicle
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31
Q

what happens to antral follicle

A

enters the ovarian cycle becuase can no longer develop without stimulus

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32
Q

size of primordial follicle

A

40 um

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33
Q

size of primary follicle

A

100 um

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34
Q

size of antral follicle

A

200-400um

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35
Q

primordial follicle

A

immature dormant oocyte, surrounded by flat granulosa cells

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36
Q

primary follicle

A
  • oocyte genome activates, causing gene transcription signalling between oocye and follicle
  • granulosa cells change from flat to cuboidal
  • zona pellucida forms around oocyte
  • follicle develops FSH receptors
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37
Q

when does zona pellucida form around oocyte

A

primary follicle during initial recruitment

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38
Q

when does follicle develop FSH receptors

A

primary follicle during inital recruitment

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39
Q

antral follicle

A
  • theca cells recruited to form basal lamina around follicle
  • antrum forms next to oocyte
  • 300 days after inital recruitment
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40
Q

what is an antrum

A

fluid filled cavity next to oocyte, formed 300 days after intial recruitment when antral follicle has formed

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41
Q

what happens to basal lamina around antral follicle

A

differentiates to two layers
- theca externa
- theca interna
provides blood supply to follicle

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42
Q

what provides antral follicle with blood supply

A

basal lamina that’s differentiated into two layers

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43
Q

size of mature follicle

A

20mm

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44
Q

what causes mature follicle

A

follicular phase of ovarian cycle

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45
Q

what does mature follicle do

A
  • FSH stimulates growth of follicle and releases inhibin from granulosa
  • follicles compete for FSH
  • continues until only one dominant follicle remains
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46
Q

selection process of mature follicles

A

they compete for FSH which causes weaker follicles to be destroyed, until only one dominant follicle remains

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47
Q

phases of the ovarian cycle

A
  • follicular phase
  • ovulatory phase
  • luteal phase
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48
Q

when is the follicular phase

A

day 1-10

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49
Q

when is the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle

A

day 11-14

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50
Q

when is the luteal phase

A

day 14-18

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51
Q

follicular phase

A

hormonal signals cause 10-20 follicles to grow

one oocyte is selected, remainder become atretic

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52
Q

ovulatory phase of ovarian cycle

A

oocyte undergoes cell division
follicle walls thin & rupture
oocyte released from ovary and enters abdominal cavity near fimbrae of fallopian tube

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53
Q

luteal phase

A

progesterone increases
egg travles through fallopian tube toward uterus
theca cells become small luteal cells
granulosa cells become large luteal cells

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54
Q

what happens to theca cells in the luteal phase

A

become small luteal cells which produce androgens and progesterone

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55
Q

what happens to graulosa cells in luteal phase

A

become large luteal cells which produce oestrogen and progesterone

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56
Q

why does the antral folllicles enter the ovarian cycle

A

needs hormonal stimulation to grow

57
Q

follicuar phase, hormone

A
  • antral follicles dependent on FSH to grow
  • FSH high from previous cycle
  • LH stimulates theca cells to produce androgens
  • granulosa convert androgens to oestradiol
  • as follicle grows, oestradiol increases
58
Q

when do antral follicles become dependent on FSH

A

follicular phase

59
Q

what does LH do to theca cells

A

stumlates production of androgens

60
Q

what converts androgens to oestradiol

A

granulosa

61
Q

ovulatory phase, hormones

A
  • high concentrations of oestradiol has +ve effect on LH
  • LH surge
  • ovulation occurs which is the release of oocyte into fallopian tube
62
Q

oestradiol and its effects on LH

A
  • normally has negative effects

- in ovulatory phase oestradiol levels are high enough that they have a postive effect and cause and LH surge

63
Q

what causes LH surge

A

high oestradiol

64
Q

what causes ovulation

A

LH surge

65
Q

what is ovulation

A

release of oocyte into fallopian tube

66
Q

luteal phase, hormones

A
  • follicle collapses because oocyte released
  • corpus luteum forms
  • corpus luteum releases oestradiol and progesterone
  • corpus luteum degenerates after 14 days of no fertilisation
  • progesterone and oestradiol levels drop which removes negative effect on FSH
  • FSH levels increase to restart cycle
67
Q

what is corpus luteum

A

collapse of follicle after ovulation

68
Q

what does corpus luteum release

A

oestradiol and progesterone

69
Q

how longe does corpus luteum survive

A

14 days if no fertilisation

70
Q

what do progesterone and oestradiol inhibit

A

FSH

71
Q

How does ovarian cycle restart

A

when corpus luteum degenerates, oestradiol and progesterone levels drop which means FSH is no longer inhibited

72
Q

when does ooctye continue meiosis

A

just before ovulation, day 11-14

73
Q

what happens to oocyte during ovulation

A

just before oculation, oocyte completes meiosis I to form one secondary oocyte and one polar body

74
Q

dna content of secondary oocyte

A

haploid, 23

75
Q

what is a polar body

A

the remianing DNA of primary ooctyre after meiosis I,

76
Q

what happens to polar body

A

degenerates

77
Q

what happens to secondary oocyte during ovualtion

A

immediatetly starts meiosis II but stops at metaphase II

78
Q

what stops at metaphase II of meiosis II

A

secondary oocyte

79
Q

what causes proliferation of granulosa cells in follicular phase

A

FSH

80
Q

why does oestradiol increase in follicular phase

A

becuase follicle grows

81
Q

what causes FSH to drop in follicular phase

A

negative feedback

82
Q

what controls the ovarian cycle

A

HPG-axis

83
Q

how is LH inhibited in luteal phase

A

oestradiol levels fall because of follicle collapse and so they resume their negative effects

84
Q

purpose of menstrual cycle

A

prepare for possible fertilisation

85
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

series of changes in the endometrium in response to changing hormone lvels

86
Q

stages of menstrual cycle

A
  • proliferative phase
  • late proliferative phase
  • secretory phase
  • late secretory phase
  • menstrual phase
87
Q

when is the proliferative phase

A

day 5-13

88
Q

when is the late proliferative phase

A

day 13-14

89
Q

when is the secretory phase

A

day 15-22 // week 3

90
Q

when is the late secretory phase

A

day 23-28

91
Q

when is the menstrual phase

A

day 1-5

92
Q

proliferative phase

A
  • endometrium proliferates and thickens
  • tubular glands and arteries form
  • stimulation of pregesterone receptor synthesis in endometrial cells
93
Q

late proliferative phase

A

glands are long and tortuous due to active growth

stroma gradully become oedematous

94
Q

secretory phase

A

endometrium becomes dependent on progesterone from corpus luteum
tubular glands enlarge and secrete mucus and glycogen to prepare for implantation of fertilised ovum

95
Q

what do tubular glands secrete in preparation of implantaton

A

mucus and glycogen

96
Q

why are mucus and glycogen secreted from tubular glands of the endometrium

A

to prepare for implantatium of fertilised ovum

97
Q

late secretory phase, no fertilisation

A
  • corpus luteum degernates
  • progesterone levels drop
  • endometrium degenerates
  • uterine glands are wide
  • arteries begin contracting
  • capilary beds begin leaking blood into endometrium and uterus
98
Q

menstrual phase

A
  • uterine lining sloughs off and is removed from body

once removed, endometrium will begin to proliferate again

99
Q

what happens if fertilisation occurs

A

acrosome reaction and implantation

100
Q

what happens to the secondary oocyte during fertilisatio

A

completes meiosis II to form oocyte and polar body

101
Q

when does secondary ooctye complete meiosis II

A

fertilisation

102
Q

what happens during fertilsation

A

sperm cell chromosomes fuse with oocyte to form diploid zygote, 46

103
Q

DNA content of zygote

A

diploid, 46

104
Q

what is a zygote

A

sperm cell fused with oocyte

105
Q

what happens to zygote once formed

A

starts to divide and travel along fallopian tube for 4 days

106
Q

what happens on day 5 of the zygote

A

zygote reaches uterus and becomes a blastocyst

107
Q

when does blastocyst form

A

whe the zygote reaches the uterus after 5 days

108
Q

what is a blastocyst

A

inner cell mass formed from a zygote that will become the embryo

109
Q

what is a trophoblast

A

surrounds the inner cell mass of blastocyte and will become placenta

110
Q

what does placenta develop from

A

trophoblast

111
Q

implantation

A

trophoblast attatches to surface of endometrium by invading the endometrium

112
Q

what do trophoblasts produce and why

A

human chorionic gonadotropin to maintain the corpus luteum in early pregnancy

113
Q

what does human chorionic gonadotropin do

A

maintains the corpus luteum in early pregnancy

114
Q

where is human chorionic gonadotropin released from

A

trophoblast

115
Q

what is the effect of maintaining corpus luteum in early pregnancy

A

endometrium isn’t shed and progesteron is still produced

116
Q

at what level do distrubances in ovarian function occur

A

genetic
hypothalamic
pituitary
target tissue

117
Q

genetic level disturbances of ovarian function

A

Turner syndrome

triple X

118
Q

triple X

A

genetic disturbance to ovarian function

119
Q

Turner syndrome

A

genetic disturbance to ovarian function, only one X chromosome

120
Q

what is triple X

A

female has XXX chromosomes

121
Q

effects of Triple X

A

vary, some show no symptons.
can cause under developed ovaries and reduced fertility
other health problems e.g web of skin on neck, constricted aorta, poor breast development,

122
Q

what is turner syndrome

A

when femal only has one X chromosome

123
Q

effects of turner syndrome

A

most embryos will spontaneously abort or be still born
non-functional ovaries and lack of reproductive function
causes many health problems e.g short, low hairline, elbow deformity, constricted aorta, small fingernails, widely spaced nipples, brown spots

124
Q

hypothalamic level disturbances to ovarian function

A

Kallman syndrome

125
Q

kallman syndrome

A

hypothalamic level disturbance to ovaries or testes

126
Q

symptoms of Kallman

A

same in male as female

127
Q

pituitary level disturbances to ovarian function

A

hyperprolactinaemia

128
Q

hyperprolactinaemia

A

pituitary level disturbances to ovary or teste function

129
Q

symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia

A

same in male as female

130
Q

ovary level disturbances to ovary function

A

PCOS polycystic ovarian syndrome

131
Q

PCOS polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

ovary level disturbances to ovary function

132
Q

what causes PCOS

A

unclear but possible genetic

133
Q

what is PCOS

A

when some antral follicles halt development and release exessive androgens

134
Q

effects of PCOS

A

vary, can cause hirustism and makes susceptbiel to other diseases like diabetes

135
Q

prevalence of PCOS

A

affects 5-10% of females; most common femal endocrine disorder

136
Q

other tissues disturbances that efect ovarian function

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

137
Q

what causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

mutation leading to inactivation of enzyme responsible for cortisol synthesis so adrenal gladn cannot produce cortisol and instead produces excess androgens

138
Q

enzyme reponsible for cortisol synthesis

A

21-hydroxylase

139
Q

effects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

excess androgens causes development of male external genitalia. can still have normal uterus and ovarias becuase genetically female.

Endocrinology & Reproduction (15 decks)

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