Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endocrinology & Reproduction > Hormone regulation of puberty > Flashcards

Hormone regulation of puberty Flashcards

1
Q

what physiological function is not needed for living

A

reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what causes sexual differentiation

A

two groups of steroid hormones

  • androgens
  • oestrogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

two groups of steroid hormones that control sexual differentiaions

A
  • androgens

- oestrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what type of hormones are androgens and oestrogens

A

steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where are androgens synthesised

A

mainly in the testes & adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are androgens released

A

mainly testes & adrenal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primary biological androgen

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

male reproductive hormones

A

androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what can androgens be converted to

A

oestrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are upstream of oestoens

A

androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the female equivalent of androgens

A

oestrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

female reproductive hormones

A

oestrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

primary biological oestrogen

A

oestradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where are oestrogens synthesised

A

ovaries or smal amounts in testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where are oestrogens released

A

ovaries or smal amounts in testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

male and females are the ____ in early development

A

same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mullerian duct

A

female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

wolffian duct

A

male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

male duct

A

wolffian duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

female duct

A

mullerian duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what comprises the mullerian duct

A

fallopian tuve, uterus and cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what comprises the wolffian duct

A

epididymis, vas deferens & seminal vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

common gonadal primordian

A

ovaries and testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

two embryonic duct systems

A

mullerian and wolffian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

common external primordium

A

cliterus, vuvla and penis, scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

female phenotype

A

XX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

male phenotype

A

XY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is different about the Y chromosome

A

shorter then the rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what signals to primordial gonads to develop testes

A

sry gene in Y chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where is the sry gene

A

Y chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does the sry gene do

A

signals to the primordial gonads to develop testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what causes the 1st sexual differentiation

A

sry gene , not a hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do the testes produce in development

A
  • testosterone to stimulate male genitalia deelopment and support Wolffian duct
  • AMH which inhibits the Mullarin duct development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does testosterone do in development

A

stimulates male genitalie development and supports the Wolffian duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what stimulates male genitalie development and supports the Wolffian duct

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does AMH do in development

A

inhibits the mullerian duct development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what inhibits the mullerian duct development

A

AMH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

AMH

A

anti-mullerian hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

do males or female follow the default pathway

A

females - they have no sry gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the default pathway of gender development

A

primordial gonads develop to ovaries

no AMH or testosterone is produced so mullerian duct and female genitalie develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what occurs in the absence of sry gene

A

default pathway of female sexual differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the absence of AMH allows for

A

development of Mullerian duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

ovaries produce AMH

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the end point of puberty

A

the production of viable gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

female gametes

A

ooctyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

male gametes

A

sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

orderly sequence of physiological, anatomical & psychological landmarks

A

puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

when does puberty occur

A

different ages for different individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

pubertal changes

A
  • adolescent growth spurt
  • sex specific increases in growth rate
  • changs in body comp
  • development of mature reproductive function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are better studies of puberty

A

longitudinal, because puberty timing is so variable making cross sectional studies poor

  • cross sectional studies suggest that testes grow slowly over 10 years
  • longitudinal studies correctly show they grow rapidly, but at different ages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The Tanner scale

A

staging of puberty using sclae of 1-5 based on physical development of external primary and secondary sex characteristics such as breasts development, genitalia development & pubic hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

two main events that cause increase in circulatig reproductive hormones and subsequent pubertal hormones

A
  • adrenarche

- increased HPG axis function

53
Q

adrenarche

A

increased secretion of androgens from the adrenal gland

54
Q

increased HPG axis function in puberty

A

increased HPG axis results in increased hormone secretion from the ovaries and testes

55
Q

early stage of sexual maturation

A

adrenarche

56
Q

where are androgens sectreted from

A

zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex

57
Q

what does adrenarche cause

A

release of weak androgens in circulation

58
Q

weak androgens

A

DHEA, DHEA sulphate, androstenedione

59
Q

what effect do weak androgens have

A

directly & indirectly stimulate pubic changes

60
Q

what does adrenarche not do

A

activate reproductive potential

61
Q

adrogens relased from the adrenal effect which hair follices

A

pubic and axilla hair growth

62
Q

axilla

A

armpit

63
Q

what requires low levels of androgens for hair growth

A

axilla and pubic follicles

64
Q

adrogens relased from the testes effect which hair follices

A

facial hair

65
Q

what requires high levels of androgens for hair growth

A

facial hair

66
Q

why doe beards only grow on men

A

they require high levels of androgens which only release from testes

67
Q

what is the state of the HPG axis in children

A

inactive

68
Q

when is the HPG axis inactive

A

childhood

69
Q

switching on of the HPG axis =

A

puberty

70
Q

the ovaries and testes are all capable of functioning prior to puberty. What signal do they await

A

signal from the hypothalamus

71
Q

when will you have low steroid levels, low GnRH, low FSH and low LH

A

pre-puberty

72
Q

precocious puberty

A

when puberty begins too early

73
Q

causes of precocious puberty

A

inappropriate release of GnRH from the hypothalamus, usually a tumour. This triggers puberty earlier than intended

74
Q

how does the hypothalamus trigger puberty

A

release of GnRH

75
Q

GnRH

A

gonadatropin-releasing hormone

76
Q

what triggers release of GnRH by the hypothalamus

A

kisspeptin

77
Q

what are kisspeptins

A

peptides that encode the kiss-1 gene
range of AA lengths
collectively endogenous ligands for GPR54

78
Q

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

A

impaired pubertal maturation and subsequent lack of reproductive function caused by problems wih kisspeptin or GPR54 knockout

79
Q

GPR54

A

g-protein coupled receptor that binds to activate kisspeptin

80
Q

what triggers kisspeptin release

A

not yet known

81
Q

what does GnRH stimulate

A

release of LH and FSH to circulation

82
Q

where are LH and FSH released from

A

anterior pituitary

83
Q

action of LH in males

A

stimulates testosterone production in testes

84
Q

action of LH in females

A

controls reproductive cycle & ovulation

stimulates oestrogen

85
Q

what stimulates testosterone production in testes

A

LH

86
Q

what controls reproductive cycle & ovulation

stimulates oestrogen

A

LH

87
Q

FSH in males

A

stimulates growth and maturation of testes and spermatogenesis

88
Q

FSH in femaes

A

stimulates growth and maturation of ovarian follicles

89
Q

what stimulates growth and maturation of ovarian follicles

A

FSH

90
Q

what stimulates growth and maturation of testes and spermatogenesis

A

FSH

91
Q

LH levels prepuberty

A

low levels. not an immediate switch on

92
Q

LH levels mid puberty

A

night-time increase in LH only

93
Q

LH levels late puberty

A

regualr pulses of LH throughout day and night

94
Q

what is testis volume directly linked to

A

testosterone levels

95
Q

what causes increased testosterone release

A

testes growth

96
Q

what does increased levels of tesosterone drive

A

secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and voice breaking

97
Q

secondary sexual characteristics of males

A

facial hair and voice breaking

98
Q

menarche

A

first period

99
Q

what causes irregular cycles post menarche

A
  • anovulation
  • missing luteal phase
  • variable oestrogen levels from developing cycles
100
Q

when do cycles become regular

A

can take several years post menarch before ovulatory cycles become regular

101
Q

adolescent growth spurt

A
  • spike in height during adolsence
102
Q

growth spurts

A
  • rapid gain as baby
  • spike drops
  • adolescent spike = final growth spurt
103
Q

what seperates growth plates

A

cartilage

104
Q

what does cartilage do

A

grow new bone

105
Q

when is there no more cartilage layers and what does this mean

A

end of puberty = no more growth

106
Q

eunochoid gigantism occurs when

A

abscence of gonadal steroids. deficiency of oestrogn receptor

107
Q

eunochoid gigantism

A

no growth spurt at adolesnce but also no epiphyseal fusion so growth can continue throughout adult hood

108
Q

rare form of gigantism

A

eunochoid gigantism

109
Q

cause of common form of gigantism

A

excess GH

110
Q

feautres of eunochoid gigantism

A

underdeveloped sexual organs and lackof pubertal development

111
Q

why is oestrogen crucuial in growth

A

it stimulates growth rate but the amount is critical
low oestrogen - growth
high ostrogen - fusion (good)

112
Q

high levels of oestrogen cause what for a growth spurt

A

fusion

113
Q

low levels of oestrogen cause what for a growth spurt

A

continued growth & osteoporisis

114
Q

what causes sex specific changes in bone growth

A

hormonal activation of certain genes caused by different mechanisms to growth spurt

115
Q

male changes in growth spurt

A

high levels of teststerone compared to oestradiol causes growth of the jaw, wideing of shouders & changes in shape of skull to give wider eyebrows

116
Q

what causes growth of the jaw, wideing of shouders & changes in shape of skull to give wider eyebrows

A

high levels of teststerone compared to oestradiol

117
Q

female changes in growth spurt

A

high oestradiol levels relative to testosterone causes widening and flattening of pelvis in preparation for child birth

118
Q

what causes widening and flattening of pelvis in preparation for child birth

A

high oestradiol levels relative to testosterone

119
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

differnces between sexes of the same species

120
Q

what causes pubertal changes in body composition

A

hormonal changes in tissue development

121
Q

males body composition changes

A

higher levels of testosterone causes marked increase in muscle mass giving greater strenghth

122
Q

what causes marked increase in muscle mass giving greater strenghth for males

A

higher levels of testosterone

123
Q

female body composition changes

A

higher levels of oestradiol results in increase in body fat

124
Q

what results in increase in body fat for females

A

higher levels of oestradiol

125
Q

3 phenotypic sexual dimorphism

A

bone growth
body composition
vocal pitch

126
Q

what effects vocal pitch

A

androgens

127
Q

how is vocal pitch changed

A

androgens stimulate growth of the larynx and thicking and lengthening of vocal chords

128
Q

what stimulates growth of the larynx and thicking and lengthening of vocal chords

A

androgens

129
Q

what are the sex differences in change in vocal pitch

A

males have greater levels of androgens so their voices will deepen more thant females

Endocrinology & Reproduction (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions