Placebo

Question 1

Placebo definition

Answer 1

Control treatment with similar appearance, but without its specific activity

Question 2

What type of pain are placebos helpful in treating?

Answer 2

Chronic pain
Giving a placebo to someone in acute pain actually makes their pain greater
Placebo is actually better than active treatment for phobias

Question 3

What are 2 neurobiological factors involved in pain?

Answer 3

Emotion

Cognition

Question 4

The influence of doctor-patient relationships on pain

Answer 4

If pain patients are informed about pain expectations (how much pain to expect, the cause of pain, how to deal with pain, and with an enthusiastic and positive doctor) they give themselves less pain medication

Question 5

Open vs hidden injection study findings

Answer 5

The open injection group (no matter if they were given an opioid, non opioid, or a mix) reported less pain than if their drug was given by a computer
Human interaction plays a strong role in influencing pain

Question 6

Pharmacological conditioning

Answer 6

You can condition patients to have an analgesic effect when you are giving a neutral stimulus
Conditioned response to the placebo effect

Question 7

What is the placebo effect after conditioning with opioids due to?

Answer 7

Endogenous opioids being release in the body

If you give naloxone, it inhibits the conditioned placebo effect

Question 8

Non-opioid conditioning placebo is mediated by what?

Answer 8

CB1 cannabinoid receptors (the endocannabinoid system)

Question 9

How do you block the placebo effect from non-opioids?

Answer 9

Give rimonobant

CB1 antagonist

Question 10

Change in dopaminergic activity in the brain correlated with…

Answer 10

Expected and recalled analgesia

Question 11

Thermal sensitivity test

Answer 11

Hog Reeve Tester
Rat sitting in a box
Underneath is a thermal stimulus
Measure the time between the starting of the heating of the paw and when they move their paw

Question 12

Does placebo occur in animals?

Answer 12

Yes
Conditioned placebo effect with morphine shows that naloxone blocks the placebo effect - do get placebo with saline
Also naloxone is unable to block the placebo from aspirin - same as humans

Question 13

Nocebo

Answer 13

Expectations or information stating that a procedure will be more painful leads to increase pain response
Combination of fear, nervousness, and negative emotions

Question 14

Nocebo causes the release of what compound?

Answer 14

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 15

Proglumide

Answer 15

CCK antagonist
Giving this compound and telling someone that something is going to be painful can reduce the pain response, compared to if you gave them a placebo and told them it was going to hurt