Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology II > Drugs of Abuse > Flashcards

Drugs of Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanism of action of cocaine

A

Blocks reuptake of monoamines (especially dopamine)

Blockage of DA reuptake in the CNS related to rewarding effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Along with a drug of abuse, cocaine is a…

A

Local anesthetic

Blocks sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Toxicities from cocaine include… (4)

A

Psychosis
Cardiovascular complications
Hepatotoxicity
Convulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Effects of cocaine on the CV system

A

Increases heart rate, BP, and myocardial oxygen demand

Decreases oxygen supply by inducing coronary vasoconstriction, leading to myocardial ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4 ways to ingest cocaine

A

Orally
Inhalation
Injected (very fast effects)
Smoked (highly addictive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which form of cocaine takes the longest time to onset?

A

Oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which 2 forms of cocaine have the highest anticipated intoxication levels

A

IV

Smoked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cocaine causes a decreases in _____ in what part of the brain?

A

Decrease in glucose metabolism in the brain, especially in the frontal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 ways amphetamines can be taken

A

Orally
Intravenously
Smoked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mechanism of action of amphetamines

A

At high concentrations it will compete for binding to the transporter but will also be transported into the terminal itself
Can bind to and inhibit the vesicular monoamine transporter
Dopamine cannot be repackaged into the vesicles, the intracellular concentration increases, and the amount of DA in the synapse increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Amphetamines can cause what symptoms

A

Fight or flight response
Alertness
Anxiety, severe apprehension, panic
Potent effects on DA in the reward center of the brain
Behavioral stereotypy (meaningless repetition of a single activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Methamphetamine mechanism of action

A

Blocks DA reuptake and increases DA release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Schedule 1 substances

A

No medical use

Highly addictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MDMA mechanism of action

A

Preferentially blocks the 5-HT transporter
Causes release of serotonin
Long term depletion of intracellular serotonin (24 hours - leads to depression, irritability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acute toxic effects of MDMA

A

Hyperthermia

Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does serotonin syndrome occur

A

If MDMA is combined with other drugs that increase serotonin levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Symptoms of serotonin syndrome

A 
Agitation or restlessness
Diarrhea
Fast heart beat
Hallucinations
Increased body temperature
Loss of coordination
Nausea
Overactive reflexes
Rapid changes in BP
Vomiting
18
Q

Hallucinogens

A 
Alter consciousness
Distort perceptions
Also called psychomimetics
Do not induce dependence or tolerance
Do not stimulate dopamine release
19
Q

4 ways LSD can be taken

A

Orally
Inhalation
Injected
Transdermally

20
Q

LSD mechanism of action

A

Acts as agonist at 5-HT2a receptors
Modulates glutamate-mediated sensory, perceptual, affective, and cognitive processes
Increase glutamate release at cortical layer 5

21
Q

Phencyclidine and ketamine mechanism

A

Bind to NMDA-receptors as non-competitive antagonists and affect glutamate-mediated cortical neuron signaling
Work on interneurons that have NMDA receptors
Block the disinhibition of glutamate release

22
Q

2 major categories of hallucinogens based on the mechanisms

A

Partial agonists at 5-HT2a receptors (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline)
Block NMDA receptors (PCP, ketamine)

23
Q

The main psychoactive ingredient of cannabis is…

A

Delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol

24
Q

4 ways to use cannabis

A

Smoked
Vaporizer
Oral
Sublingual

25
Q

First two endocannabinoids discovered

A

2-arachidonoylethanolamine (Anandamide, AEA)

2-arachidonylglycerol

26
Q

Which cannabinoid holds the most promise for serious conditions?

A

Cannabadiol

27
Q

Cannabinoid binding and mechanism

A

Lipid soluble compounds that are released from post-synaptic membranes and diffuse back to pre-synaptic CB1 receptors
Cause disinhibition of DA neurons by inhibiting the release of GABA

28
Q

Cannabinoids cause…

A 
Euphoria
Relaxation
Increased appetite
Prevent nausea
Lower intraocular pressure
29
Q

Designer marijuana

A

Spice, K2
Do not contain tobacco or cannabis but produce similar effects to those of cannabis
Contain synthetic cannabinoids that potently activate CB1 receptors

30
Q

What G protein do opioids act at?

A

Gi/o

31
Q

Mechanism of opioid action

A

In the ventral tegmental area
Activation of mu opioid receptors selectively expressed on GABA neurons results in disinhibition of DA neurons and euphoria

32
Q

What channels are acted on from opioid receptors

  1. At the presynaptic terminal
  2. On the cell body
A
  1. Cause the inhibition of Ca influx (get less GABA release)

2. Enhance K efflux (hyperpolarization)

33
Q

Symptoms of opioid withdrawal

A 
Yawning
Sweating
Weakness
Nausea/vomiting
Tremors 
Muscle jerks
34
Q

Methadone

A

Way to treat opioid withdrawal
It is pharmacologically equivalent, but has a much longer half life to suppress withdrawal symptoms
Can do slow dose withdrawal

35
Q

Naloxone

A

Opioid receptor antagonist

Precipitates withdrawal and abstinence syndrome in a dependent person

36
Q

Buprenorphine

A

Partial agonist at opioid receptor with high affinity
Another way to treat opioid addiction (morphine)
It competes at the same site, but still gives some efficacy
Prevents the high, but also alleviates craving and drug seeking behaviour

37
Q

Which partial agonist is used to treat nicotine addiction

A

Varenicline

38
Q

Addiction is characterized by which 3 things?

A

Compulsive behaviour to take drug despite negative consequences
Reinforcing behaviour (rewarding or pleasurable)
Loss of control

39
Q

Acute effects of alcohol on

  1. GABA receptors
  2. Glutamate (NMDA receptors)
A
  1. Activate

2. Inhibit (non competitive antagonist)

40
Q

6 drugs that work on neurons in the nucleus accumbens

A 
Opioids
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Alcohol
PCP
Cannabinoids
41
Q

3 drugs that work in the ventral tegmental area

A

Nicotine
Opioids
Cannabinoids

Pharmacology II (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions