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FM 1030 > PL3 - control of breathing :: brain stuff and chemoreceptors > Flashcards

PL3 - control of breathing :: brain stuff and chemoreceptors Flashcards

1
Q

What area regulates volitional and emotional control of breathing?
Someone is having an anxiety attack and is hyperventilating which area is most likely causing this?

A

The supra-pontine sites

Located above the pons – can surpass the respiratory areas in the pons and the medulla and act on the muscles directly

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2
Q

Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation

A

Hyperventilation – breathing in excess of metabolic needs

Hypoventilation – Breathing thats insufficient to meet metabolic needs

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3
Q

What is the nucleus tractus solitarius closely associated with?

A

The dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

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4
Q

What are the main respiratory areas in the pons and the medulla?

A

Medulla – pneumotaxic and apneustic center
Pons – DRG and Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

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5
Q

What are the pneumotaxic and apneustic center responsible for?

A

Pneumotaxic – consists of parabrachial neurons. – helps with the transition from inspiration to expiration – inhibits inspiration so expiration can begin

Apneustic center – Responsible for prolonged inspiration (apneusis)

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6
Q

What are the structures associated with the DRG and the VRG and what is their role in respiration?

A

DRG:
- Nucleus tractus solitarius – receives info from a variety of receptors and sends signals to trigger inspiration.

VRG:
- Botzinger complex: controls expiration

  • Pre-botzinger complex: Consists of pacemaker neurons. Sets the normal respiratory rate (eupnea = 12-16 bpm)
  • Nucleus retroambiguus: Contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons
  • Nucleus Ambiguus: Responsible for inspiration. controls soft palate+uvula+some pharynx and larynx muscles
  • Parafacial respiratory group (pFRG): Responsible for expiratory control especially during forced expiration
  • RTN: Principle chemosensitive site
  • Post inspiratory complex (PiCO) : located in ventromedial pons — involved in post-inspiratory rhythm generation
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7
Q

What is the function of the pontine respiratory group (PRG)?

A

Fine tune respiration and important in laryngeal motor control

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8
Q

What is the negative feedback control of the respiratory system dependent on?

A

Oxygen and acid-base homeostasis

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9
Q

_____________ can be adjusted on a breath-by-breath basis in tune with whole-body metabolism

A

Alveolar ventilation can be adjusted on a breath-by-breath basis in tune with whole-body metabolism

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10
Q

True or false:
The supra-pontine sites can surpass the respiratory centers when regulating control.

A

True – they can directly act on the muscles thru the motor neuron pathways

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11
Q

Hyperpnoea

A

Hyperpnoea – Increased breathing that matches metabolic needs such as during exercise

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12
Q

Tachypnoea

A

Tachypnoea – Increased resp rate above normal (12-20 breaths pm) often rapid and shallow

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13
Q

Dyspnea

A

Dyspnoea - Labored breathing (its a symptom with multiple causes)

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14
Q

Apnoea

A

Apnoea - Absence of airflow due to lack of respiratory effort or airway obstruction

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15
Q

When do abdominal muscles contribute to breathing?

A

They play a role during active breathing
– They contribute during the late expiratory phase

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16
Q

What are the 3 main oscillators that regulate respiration

A
  1. preBötzinger complex [preBötC],
  2. post-inspiratory complex [PiCo]
  3. parafacial respiratory group [pFRG]
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17
Q

Muscles modulating airway resistance during respiration and when do they fire during quiet breathing?

A

Located in the larynx:
- Posterior cricoarytenoid (dilation of airways)
- Thyroarytenoid (constriction of airways)

PCA fires in the inspiratory phase
TA fires in the post-inspiratory phase

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18
Q

Which resp. group (DRG/VRG) consists of:
- Only inspiratory neurons
- Both inspiratory and expiratory neurons

A
  • DRG
  • VRG
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19
Q

Which region in the brain is responsible for the following:
- Sets the inspiration rate
- Putative rhythm post-inspiratory generator
- drives active expiration
- Contains pacemaker neurons
- Fine tune respiration and are important in laryngeal motor control
- Principal chemosensitive site
- expiratory control especially during hypercapnia
- primary integrative site

A
  • Prebotzinger complex
  • PiCo (post-inspiratory complex)
  • pFRG (parafacial respiratory group)
  • Prebotzinger complex
  • PRG (pontine respiratory group)
  • RTN (retrotrapezoid nucleus)
  • pFRG
  • NTS (nucleus tractus solitarius) - (DRG)
20
Q

Btozinger complex

A

expiratory complex

21
Q

Pre-botzinger

A

Inspiratory
Principal rhythm generator
– has pacemaker neurons
– Sets principal inspiratory rate

22
Q

PiCO

A

Post inspiratory complex
– post-inspiratory
– putative rhythm generator

23
Q

RTN (retrotrapezoid nucelus)

A

principal chemosensitive site (for CO2 chemoreception)

24
Q

PRG

A

Pontine respiratory group
– fine tunes respiration
– important in laryngeal motor control during breathing

25
Q

pFRG

A

Parafacial respiratory group
– Main center in active respiration
– Quiescent rhythm generator
– active especially during hypercapnia

26
Q

Inspiratory phase is critical for _________ .
Activates obligatory and accessory muscles.
Upper airway dilation facilitates airflow.

Early expiratory (post-inspiratory) phase is critical to the ________________.

____________ protects FRC.

Late expiratory phase is essential to ___________

________________________ facilitates large
tidal volume.

A

Inspiratory phase is critical for ventilation.
Activates obligatory and accessory muscles.
Upper airway dilation facilitates airflow.

Early expiratory (post-inspiratory) phase is critical to the “braking” of expiratory flow.

Laryngeal narrowing protects FRC.

Late expiratory phase is essential to active
breathing.

Abdominal muscle recruitment facilitates large
tidal volume.

27
Q

_______ is a nexus in central CO2
chemosensitivity

A

RTN

28
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to?

A
  • Local increases in H+ conc.
  • Increases in PCO2
    —-> IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
29
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in PO2, PCO2 and pH (blood acidosis by metabolites)

30
Q

Which chemoreceptors account for the majority of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia?

A

the central chemoreceptors (account for 70%)
While peripheral accounts for 10-30%

31
Q

acidaemia

A

Blood acidosis

32
Q

What are the 2 peripheral chemoreceptors - where located? Which one is more important? Which nerves do they send signals via?

A
  • Carotid bodies and aortic bodies
  • In carotid artery at dilation - carotid sinus
  • In aortic arch

– carotid bodies more important

carotid - glossopharyngeal
Aortic – vagus

33
Q

When is alveolar ventilation greater - sleep or awake? how does this affect PCO2?

A

Awake
- increases Pco2

34
Q

Alveolar hypoventilation results in a respiratory _______
Alveolar hyperventilation results in a respiratory _______

A

acidosis
alkalosis

35
Q

primary mechanism for defending the airway from aspiration of liquids?

A

The laryngeal chemoreflex

36
Q

When is the laryngeal chemoreflex especially powerful? What is its response to liquid in larynx? What could it lead to?

A

in early-life
Central apnea and laryngeal adduction are key features of this reflex in response to liquid in the airways.
Can lead to fatal-apneoa – (sudden death syndrome)

37
Q

Laryngeal chemoreflex?

A
  • Defends airway against aspiration of liquids
  • Causes laryngeal adduction and central apnoea
38
Q

Laryngeal chemoreflex?

A
  • Defends airway against aspiration of liquids
  • Causes laryngeal adduction and central apnoea
39
Q

Thermoreceptor, mechanoreceptor and
chemoreceptor afferent feedback is
relayed centrally via which nerves?

A

Trigeminal, vagus and glossopharyngeal

40
Q

Which reflex prevents lungs from over inflating and signals start of expiration?

A

Hering-breuer reflex

41
Q

Which receptors are triggered by fluid accumulation in the lungs/oedema?

A

The J-receptors

42
Q
A
43
Q
A
44
Q
A
45
Q

What is the result of a muscle reflex activated due to increased exercise on breathing? What is this reflex activated by?

A

Hyperpnea – increased breathing to match metabolic needs.
Stimulus: stretch of muscles, tendons, movement of joints
Sensors: GTO, Spindles, proprioreceptors.

FM 1030 (18 decks)

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