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FM 1030 > B L1 > Flashcards

B L1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A
  • Potential energy – stored energy
  • Kinetic energy – Active energy (heat or light) or energy of movement
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2
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Energy involved in making and breaking of chemical bonds in the molecules found in biological organisms.

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3
Q

What type of energy is stored is nutrients? What type of energy is it converted into thru metabolic pathways?

A

Potential energy –> chemical energy

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4
Q

Cellular resp - products + reactants (formula)?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + ATP (energy)

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5
Q

Define gibbs free energy, Enthalpy and entropy

A

Gibbs –> Free energy available that is capable of doing work during a reaction at constant temp and pressure

Enthalpy –> Heat content of the reacting system – REFLECTS THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF CHEMICAL BONDS. (Joules)

Entropy –> Its the state of randomness or disorder of a system. (Joules/kelvin)

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6
Q

Which type of energy (entropy, gibbs or enthalpy) give us an indication of the number and the type of chemical bonds?

A

Enthalpy

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7
Q

Which type of energy (entropy, gibbs or enthalpy) predicts whether a reaction is favorable or not?

A

Gibbs free energy

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8
Q

What happens to the gibbs free energy as the reaction approaches equilibrium

A

It goes to zero (0)

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9
Q

What is the relationship btwn the product and the reactant when the gibbs free energies are equal?

A

The product and the reactant will be in equilibrium

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10
Q

What are exergonic and endergonic reactions? What is their relationship with Gibbs free energy? which ones are spontaneous which ones arent?

A

Endergonic:
- Require an input of energy
- Absorb heat/energy
- They are non-spontaneous (require energy to occur)
- G = +ve (since they absorb energy they have more free energy available)

Exergonic:
- Releases energy
- Releases heat/energy
- They are spontaneous (as dont need an input of energy)
- G = -ve (reactants have more energy than the products)

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11
Q

Are photosynthesis and cell resp exergonic or endergonic?

A

photosynthesis –> Endergonic
cell resp –> Exergonic (energy from this process is used to synthesise ATP)

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12
Q

What does the enzyme do to the following in a reaction:
- Activation energy
- Change in Gibbs free energy (delta G)

A
  • Lowers activation energy by providing an alternate pathway for substrates to react
  • Doesn’t have any affect on the change in gibbs free energy
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13
Q

What is the driving force in passive transport?

A

Entropy - amt of randomness/disorder of the system
– diff in conc drives the movement of mol across the membrane

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14
Q

What does the actual free energy change of a reaction within the cell depend on?

A
  • The standard change in free energy ( delta G)
  • The conc of products and reactants involved
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15
Q

Are standard free energies (G) additive?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What direction would the reaction proceed in in the following scenarios and would they need or have excess energy?
G > 0
G < 0
G = 0

A

G > 0 –> +ve –> non-spontaneoous –> It would thus be a backwards reaction with deficient energy (energy input needed)

G < 0 –> -ve –> sppontaneous –> It would thus be a forward reaction with excess energy (energy released)

G = 0 –> product and reactant in equilibrium

17
Q

Coupling of a favorable process with a ____ delta G to an unfavorable process with a ___ delta G would result in an overall ___ delta G.

A

-ve
+ve
-ve

18
Q

Hydrolysis of which molecule is used to synthesis ATP in the body?

A

Glucose

19
Q

Draw the structure of ATP? Hydrolysis of which bonds in ATP releases a lot of energy when they’re broken?

A

Cleavage of the anhydride/phosphoanhydride bonds results in large release of energy.

20
Q

What does hydrolysis of ATP produce

A

Energy
ADP/AMP
Inorganic phosphate

21
Q

What does a higher conc of ATP as compared to AMP and ADP signify in a cell?

A

If theres more ATP –> There is a lower metabloic requirement of ATP by the cell and the cell’s metabolic needs are being met.
If more AMP/ADP –> then metabolic needs of the cell arent being met and cell signals for an increase in ATP synthesis

—> The presence of ATP vs AMP/ADP is the dirving force for many biochemical reactions in the cell

22
Q

how are thioesters different from a normal ester bond? Why are they important in biochemical reactions? Give an example of these

A

In a thioester, a Sulfur atom replaces the usual oxygen atom.
They have large negative standard free energies
They are thus strongly favorable and release large amounts of energy that can help facilitate unfavorable reactions.

Example: Acetyl CoA

23
Q

What molecule is ATP a common donor of?

A

Phosphate group
Causes phosphorylation of glucose (one of the first steps in cell resp – prevents glucose from leaving the cell by giving it a negative charge)

24
Q

How many steps does ATP hydrolysis occur in? describe them in some detail.

A

In 2 steps:
1) There’s hydrolysis of ATP –> ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate)
2)The inorganic phosphate binds to the molecule involved in the reaction creating a more favorable reactant for the other molecule to join to. The phosphate group is then displaced by the other molecules involved in the reaction.

Example with conversion of Glutamate to glutamine:
1) ATP hydrolysis into ADP and Pi
2) Phosphate grp binds to glutamate and creates a more favorable molecule for NH3 to bind to –> NH3 then displaces the phosphate group forming glutamine.

25
Q

Phosphate is transferred from compounds with a ______ delta G to those with a ______ delta G.

A

higher
lower
(so like ATP has a very high lol nvm i dont understand why :)

26
Q

_____ organic compounds serve as fuels from which ____ can be stripped off during oxidation to harness energy to do biological work.

A

Reduced (like NADH)
Electrons (energy within flow of electrons can be harnessed to do work)

27
Q

How many electrons are usually transfered in biochemical oxd-red reactions? What is also transferred to keep charges in balance?

A

2
Proton transfer accompanies electron transfer

28
Q

What is reduction potential (E)

A

It is a measure for the affinity of electrons
- Greater affinity –> higher E
- Electrons are transferred from Higher E to lower E

29
Q

For a negative value of delta G you need a ______ value of delta E

A

positive

30
Q

Which cofactor permits single electron transfers

A

Flavin cofactors (FAD)
–> Permits use of molecular oxygen as an ultimate oxygen acceptor

31
Q

What are flavin compounds tightly bound to?

A

proteins

32
Q

what is the difference btwn the protons and electrons transferred by NAD and FAD?

A

NAD+ –> Accepts 1 proton and 2 electrons to become NADH
FAD+ –> Accepts 2 protons and 2 electrons to become FADH

33
Q

What are the ways ATP can be generated?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation:
- anaerobic resp
- Removal of a phosphate grp from a high energy organic molecule – phosphate then added to ADP to give ATP (energy)

Oxidative phosphorylation (most ATP produced this way):
- aerobic resp
- Oxidation-reduction reactions
- Proton gradient used to synthesise ATP

FM 1030 (18 decks)

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