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Pharmacokinetics > PKPD of Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

PKPD of Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What is antimicrobial PD?

A

The relationship between the antimicrobial concentration and the observed effect on the target pathogen in the body

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2
Q

What PK parameters can substitute Ce?

A

Cmas, AUC, t1/2

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3
Q

Why are PK parameters used for antimicrobial agents?

A

They are often influenced by the route and dosing regimen of the administered antimicrobial agent

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4
Q

What are the PD parameters used to measure antimicrobial effect?

A
  1. IC50
    2, MIC
  2. MBC
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5
Q

What is IC50?

A

The concentration of antimicrobial agent that inhibits half of the given bacterial population. IC50 is like EC50

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6
Q

What is MIC?

A

The lowest antimicrobial agents concentration that visibly inhibits bacterial growth

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7
Q

What is MBC?

A

The minimum antimicrobial agent’s concentration that kills 99.9% of bacteria

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8
Q

What the PD parameter most often used to describe the relationship between PK and PD of antimicrobial agents?

A

MIC

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9
Q

How are PD parameters determine in vitro?

A

Placing a known quantity of bacteria into multiple test tubes, and then adding increasing concentrations of a particular antibiotic, typically in log2 dilution, into consecutive tubes

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10
Q

What is a PK/PD index?

A

The quantitative relationship between PK and PD in the context of the target pathogen

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11
Q

What is the PK/PD index used for?

A

To relate PK and PD of antimicrobial agents

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12
Q

What is used to relate PK and PD of antimicrobial agents?

A
  1. PK parameters are divided by MIC results 2 PK/PD indices, Cmax/MIC and AUC/MIC (or AUIC)
  2. %T>MIC
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13
Q

What is %T>MIC?

A

The percentage of time during which the antimicrobial agents concentrations remain above its MIC

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14
Q

What are the PK/PD indices that categorizes antimicrobial agents?

A
  1. Concentration-dependent
  2. Time-dependent
  3. Concnetration and time dependent
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15
Q

What are concentration dependent agents?

A

Their efficacy depends on the achievement of high peal concentration (Cmax)

The higher the concentration, the greater the rate and extent of bactericidal activity

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16
Q

How are concentration dependent agents measured?

A

Cmax/MIC

The larger administered dose the higher Cmax

17
Q

What are examples of concentration dependent agents?

A

Aminoglycoside antibiotics:
Gentamicin, Amikacin

18
Q

What is time dependent agents?

A

The optimal bacterial kill effect depends on the percentage of time (%T) that such agents’ plasma concentration (Cp) remains/sustains to be above the MIC of the pathogen over their dosing interval.

19
Q

How is time dependent agents measured?

A

%T > MIC

%T could be enhanced by dose fractionation while the total daily dose remains constant.

20
Q

What are examples of time-dependent agents?

A

b-lactam antibiotics: penicillin, cephalosporins

21
Q

What is concentration and time dependent agents?

A

that their efficacy depends on both for how long their plasma concentrations remain above the MIC value and how high their plasma concentration (Cp) gets, obviously Cmax but not exceeding from it

22
Q

What is AUC 0-24?

A

An integrated PK parameter which accounts for time and concentration

23
Q

How do you have a greater AUC value with Concentration- and time-dependent?

A

achieved by administering larger doses of a relatively longer plasma half-life antimicrobial agent can be administered

A longer half-life drug will persist in the plasma for an extended time compared to a drug with shorter half-life.

24
Q

What are examples of concentration and time dependent?

A

Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin

25
Q

What is PAE?

A

It quantifies the persistence of bacterial suppression after drug concentrations are less than the MIC

additional factor affecting antimicrobial pharmacodynamics, as it adds to the overall duration of antimicrobial effect, allowing longer intervals between doses without compromising treatment efficacy

26
Q

What are antimicrobial agents that alter proteins or nucleic acid synthesis?

A

aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones

Tend to display a prolonged PAE against any susceptible organism, as it takes considerably longer for bacteria to regenerate these elements compared to cell wall components

27
Q

What antimicrobial agents that have no PAE?

A

β‑lactams have no PAE against gram‑negative microorganisms, often requiring multiple daily doses to ensure adequate coverage.

28
Q

What PK/PD characteristics of azithromycin?

A

Time dependent, long PAE

Pharmacokinetics (29 decks)

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