PIVvvvvv Flashcards by Samrudhi Menthe

Genetics , term

Inheritance
It is

Collective study of hereditary and variation
Hereditary = transfers of genetic character from parents to offspring
Variation = differences that are seen among members of same species
The process by which characters are passed on from parents to progeny
Basis of hereditary

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Genetics

Inheritance
It is

Collective study of genetic characters from parents to offspring
Heredity = transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring
Variation = difference that are seen among members of same species
Process by which characters are passed on from parents to progeny
Basis of hereditary

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Father of genetics
Father of modern genetics
Father of experimental genetics
Performed experiments on , concepts

Gregor johnnn mental
W.Bateson
Morgan
Drosophila , linkage , sex linkage , crossing over , criss cross heritage

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Father of human genetics
Father of biochemical genetics
Discovered
Character eg
Trait eg

A.Garrod
First human metabolic genetic disorder = alkaptoniria ( black urine disease
Characteristic feature of organisms eg stem height , flower colour
Variable forms of character eg tall dwarf

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Factors / genes ( referred by) ,

Loci
Cistron

Element = unit of hereditary (Johann Sen )
The part of dna which can code for 1 rna
The position / location of gene in chromosome
The part of dna which can code for 1 dna protein / polypeptide

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In Eukaryotes , in prokaryotes
Allele
Hemizygous eg
Genotype
Phenotype

1 gene = 1 criston ( monocistonic ) , 1 gene = many criston ( polycistonic )
Alternative forms of gene which are located on same loci on homologous chromosome
In diploid organism single allele of gene present , sex chromosomes of male human
Genetic make up of an organism
External morphological character

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Recessive allele express in
Genome
bigger to smaller in nucleus

Only heterozygous conditions
One set of all gene / sum of all gene present in haploid chromosome
Genome > chromosome > DNA > gene > cistron ( not human ) > nucleotide > nucleoside > nitrogenous base / sugar / phosphate

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U modified allele / , reperesents

Functional , original phenotype is dominant and modified is generally recessive allele

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Mendal research on , years , journal year name ,
Die , work rediscovered in

Garden pea ( pisum sativum ) , 1856-1863 more than 7 years,1865 , the experiments on plant hybridisation , 1884 , 1900 ( 34 years hidden )

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Scientist who rediscovered Mendals work after 34 years

1 scientist converted

Carl correns = Germany = on maize
Hugo de Vries = Holland = on evening primrose = 1901 flora
Erich von Tschermak = Austria = on different flowering plants
Correns converted 2 postulates into 2 law of heredity
Law of segregation
Law of independent assortment

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Mendal other scientist name
Reasons for success of Mendal ,
,
,
,

Carl nagelli , did not found the research in herecium
Took monohybrid , dihybid cross , while previous scientists took polyhybrid
Quantitatively analysed the inheritance of qualitative character
Maintained proper records
Large sampling size which gave greater credibility

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Selection of material ( garden pea ) ,
,
,
,
,

Short life span / life cycle (2-3 months)
It has many contrasting characters
Naturally pea plants perform self pollination but cross pollination can also be performed artificially
Pea plant easy to cultivate
Seeds are large

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() characters Dominant. Recessive. Chromosome.

Traits

(7) characters Dominant. Recessive. Chromosome.
Stem height Large Dwarf. 4
(Length of plant
Flower position Axial. Terminal. 4
Flower colour. Violet. White. 1
Pod shape. Inflated/full. Constricted. 4
Pod colour. Green. Yellow. 5
Seed shape. Smooth/rough. Wrinkled. 7
Cotyledon
Seed colour. Yellow. Green. 1
Traits = 14

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Mendals experimental techniques
,()
,
Laws ( cross)

Selection of pure parents
Hybridisation between pure parents (emasculation , bagging, tagging , dusting )
Selfing of f1 hybrids to obtain F2 generation
Law of dominance (mono
Law of segregation (mono
Law of independent assortment ( di

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In f1 generation(), all plants are
Exception of law of dominance
Law of segregation / =
Genotype ratio
Phenotype

First fillial , heterozygous
Incomplete dominance , co dominance
Law of purity of gamete = extension of leaves of dominance upon f2 generation
1:2:1 ( homo tall : hetero tall : homo dwarf
3:1 ( tall dwarf

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Second law exception
Tricks for phenotype
Genotype
Zygote

No exception but some consider non disjunction
2 square n
3 square n
4 square n
N = monohybrid = 1

Dihybrid cross
Round yellow
Round green
Wrinkled yellow
Wrinkled green genotype
Phenotype ratio

9/16. Parental genotype
3/16. Hybrid
3/16. Hybrid
1/16. Parental genotype
9:3:3:1

Dihybrid genotype ratio
3rd law states that

Exception
Based on

1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1
When two pairs of traits (2 diff charac ) are combined in hybrid , segregation of 1 pair of character is independent of other pair of character
Linkage
F2 generation of dihybrid cross

Backcross =
Type
1

F1 hybrid crossed with any one of homozygous parent
Out cross , test cross
Out cross = when f1 hybrid crossed with dominant parent then 100% progeny have dominant character

Test cross
Types
Their ratios

When f1 progeny is crossed with recessive parent then
Monohybrid test cross , Dihybrid test cross
Mono = geno = 1:1
Phenotype = 1:1
Dihybrid = geno =. 1:1:1:1
Phenotype = 1:1:1:1

Reciprocal cross
Same result in reciprocal as well as parental
Different result
Wrinkled enzyme

Set of two cross in which sex of parent are reversed
Karyogeny
Cytogeny
Starch branching enzyme

Incomplete dominance , genotype ratio
Phenotype
Dominant allele , what occur

Blending of character occur , 1:2:1
1:2:1
Is not fully dominant over recessive allele in heterozygous conditions , intermediate

Incomplete dominance

Snapdragon plant / dog flower / antirrhinum majus
Mirabilis Jalapa / 4 o’clock plant / Gul -e- baan = Red , pink , white
Feather colour of andaleucian fowl = black , blue , white
Size of starch grain = large , medium , small

Co dominance no , no
F1 resemble , phenotype Genotype
Eg 1
2
3

Blending of character, intermediate phenotype
Both the parents , 1:2:1 , 1:2:1
Coat. Colours of cattle’s f1 = sibmating = homo black , hetero roan , homo white
AB blood group of human
Carrier of sickle cell anemia =HBa , hbs ( affected

Multiple alleles = In diploid maxi, haploid Multiple alleles formed due to Located Blood group controlled by , has

More than two alleles present to control a character in population 2, 1 Mutation On same locus of homologous chromosomes I gene , 3 gene

Plasma mem of RBC has Possible no of genotype in multiple allele Phenotype, genotype

Sugar polymer that protrude from its surface and the kind of sugar controlled by I gene n(n+1) / 2 4 ,6

Pleiotropic gene = ( effect) The mechanism of pleiotrophy in most of cases is effect Example 1 2

1 gene control more than one phenotype/ character Of one gene on metabolic pathway which contribute different phenotype In pea plant 1 gene control = seed colour, flower colour,red spot in leaf Single gene B ( two alleles B,b) character 1 seed shape = round , round ,wrinkled 7th Character 2 size of starch grain = large , intermediate (medium) , small

Pleiotropic gene ex 3

In drosophila = structure of reproductive organ Egg production Wing size Bristles on wings Longitivity

Lethal gene , geno , pheno ratio Ex 1 2

If present in homo condition then organisms will die , same 2:1 Leaf ( golden colour ) , antirirhium majus GG die Coat colour of mice yellow (YY Sickle cell anemia , Hbș Hbș die Heomophila ( woman die

Cytoplasmic inheritance/ / = Cytogene // Sperm contribute, ova contribute Contribution of each dominant allele =

Organellar / maternal = inheritance of gene (cytogene) occur only through female Plasmogene , extra nuclear gene Nucleus, both cytoplasm nucleus Maxi expressions - mini expressions/ total no of dominant alleles

Ex of cytoplasmic inheritance

Shell coiling in snail Sigma particles in drosophila Kappa particles in paramecium Plastid inheritance in plants Male sterility in maize plant Albinism in plant. Inheritance of bacterial plasmid Petite form in yeast Poky neurospora

Polygenic inheritance/ = , also effect What is quantitative inheritance Types of phenotype Geno Zygote where n is

Multiple gene inheritance = many chara ( more than 1 gene ) control one character , environmental factor The intensity of character ( phenotype) proportional to no of dominant alleles 2n+ 1 3square n 4 square n , is no of polygene

Mgi ex 1 Phenotypic ratio , curve , x axis , y axis % parental plant Sequence

Karnel colour of white regulated by 2 gene 1:4:6:4:1 ( start 4 domi , 0 rece ) , bell shape , no of dominant alleles , frequency 12.5% Red light red, intermediate, very light red , white

Mgi ex 2, phenotypic ratio Sequence Studitied by , % parental offspring

Colour of skin in human regulated by 3 gene , 1,6 , 15, 20, 15 , 6 , 1 Negro black , very dark brown , dark brown , mulatto ( inter ) , light brown , very light brown , white Daven Port , 3.125

Chromosomal theory of inheritance proposed by ( year) ,explains Gamete serve as , importance Sex determination is also controlled by Each chromosome contains

Sutton and boveri ( 1902) , behaviour of chromosomes was. Parallel to behaviour of gene ( factor) , bridge b/w two successive generation , both gamete Chromosome in some organisms Many gene which are located in particular loci

Gene. Chromosome A B C gene

Occurs in pair Segragrate at the time of gamete formation such the only one of each pair is transmitted to a gamete Independent pairs segregate independently of each other One pair segregates another pair

Experimental verification of c.t.o.i given by , worked with Reason

Thomas Hunt Morgan , tiny fruit flies drosophila melanogaster Grown on simple synthetic medium in laboratory Complete their life span in 2 weeks Single mating would produce a large no of progeny flies Clear difference b/w male and female Hereditary variation that can be seen with low power microscope