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Geneticsss > PIVvvvvv > Flashcards

PIVvvvvv Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics , term

Inheritance
It is

A

Collective study of hereditary and variation
Hereditary = transfers of genetic character from parents to offspring
Variation = differences that are seen among members of same species
The process by which characters are passed on from parents to progeny
Basis of hereditary

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2
Q

Genetics

Inheritance
It is

A

Collective study of genetic characters from parents to offspring
Heredity = transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring
Variation = difference that are seen among members of same species
Process by which characters are passed on from parents to progeny
Basis of hereditary

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3
Q

Father of genetics
Father of modern genetics
Father of experimental genetics
Performed experiments on , concepts

A

Gregor johnnn mental
W.Bateson
Morgan
Drosophila , linkage , sex linkage , crossing over , criss cross heritage

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4
Q

Father of human genetics
Father of biochemical genetics
Discovered
Character eg
Trait eg

A

A.Garrod
First human metabolic genetic disorder = alkaptoniria ( black urine disease
Characteristic feature of organisms eg stem height , flower colour
Variable forms of character eg tall dwarf

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5
Q

Factors / genes ( referred by) ,

Loci
Cistron

A

Element = unit of hereditary (Johann Sen )
The part of dna which can code for 1 rna
The position / location of gene in chromosome
The part of dna which can code for 1 dna protein / polypeptide

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6
Q

In Eukaryotes , in prokaryotes
Allele
Hemizygous eg
Genotype
Phenotype

A

1 gene = 1 criston ( monocistonic ) , 1 gene = many criston ( polycistonic )
Alternative forms of gene which are located on same loci on homologous chromosome
In diploid organism single allele of gene present , sex chromosomes of male human
Genetic make up of an organism
External morphological character

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7
Q

Recessive allele express in
Genome
bigger to smaller in nucleus

A

Only heterozygous conditions
One set of all gene / sum of all gene present in haploid chromosome
Genome > chromosome > DNA > gene > cistron ( not human ) > nucleotide > nucleoside > nitrogenous base / sugar / phosphate

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8
Q

U modified allele / , reperesents

A

Functional , original phenotype is dominant and modified is generally recessive allele

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9
Q

Mendal research on , years , journal year name ,
Die , work rediscovered in

A

Garden pea ( pisum sativum ) , 1856-1863 more than 7 years,1865 , the experiments on plant hybridisation , 1884 , 1900 ( 34 years hidden )

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10
Q

Scientist who rediscovered Mendals work after 34 years

1 scientist converted

A

Carl correns = Germany = on maize
Hugo de Vries = Holland = on evening primrose = 1901 flora
Erich von Tschermak = Austria = on different flowering plants
Correns converted 2 postulates into 2 law of heredity
Law of segregation
Law of independent assortment

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11
Q

Mendal other scientist name
Reasons for success of Mendal ,
,
,
,

A

Carl nagelli , did not found the research in herecium
Took monohybrid , dihybid cross , while previous scientists took polyhybrid
Quantitatively analysed the inheritance of qualitative character
Maintained proper records
Large sampling size which gave greater credibility

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12
Q

Selection of material ( garden pea ) ,
,
,
,
,

A

Short life span / life cycle (2-3 months)
It has many contrasting characters
Naturally pea plants perform self pollination but cross pollination can also be performed artificially
Pea plant easy to cultivate
Seeds are large

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13
Q

() characters Dominant. Recessive. Chromosome.

Traits

A

(7) characters Dominant. Recessive. Chromosome.
Stem height Large Dwarf. 4
(Length of plant
Flower position Axial. Terminal. 4
Flower colour. Violet. White. 1
Pod shape. Inflated/full. Constricted. 4
Pod colour. Green. Yellow. 5
Seed shape. Smooth/rough. Wrinkled. 7
Cotyledon
Seed colour. Yellow. Green. 1
Traits = 14

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14
Q

Mendals experimental techniques
,()
,
Laws ( cross)

A

Selection of pure parents
Hybridisation between pure parents (emasculation , bagging, tagging , dusting )
Selfing of f1 hybrids to obtain F2 generation
Law of dominance (mono
Law of segregation (mono
Law of independent assortment ( di

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15
Q

In f1 generation(), all plants are
Exception of law of dominance
Law of segregation / =
Genotype ratio
Phenotype

A

First fillial , heterozygous
Incomplete dominance , co dominance
Law of purity of gamete = extension of leaves of dominance upon f2 generation
1:2:1 ( homo tall : hetero tall : homo dwarf
3:1 ( tall dwarf

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16
Q

Second law exception
Tricks for phenotype
Genotype
Zygote

A

No exception but some consider non disjunction
2 square n
3 square n
4 square n
N = monohybrid = 1

17
Q

Dihybrid cross
Round yellow
Round green
Wrinkled yellow
Wrinkled green genotype
Phenotype ratio

A

9/16. Parental genotype
3/16. Hybrid
3/16. Hybrid
1/16. Parental genotype
9:3:3:1

18
Q

Dihybrid genotype ratio
3rd law states that

Exception
Based on

A

1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1
When two pairs of traits (2 diff charac ) are combined in hybrid , segregation of 1 pair of character is independent of other pair of character
Linkage
F2 generation of dihybrid cross

19
Q

Backcross =
Type
1

A

F1 hybrid crossed with any one of homozygous parent
Out cross , test cross
Out cross = when f1 hybrid crossed with dominant parent then 100% progeny have dominant character

20
Q

Test cross
Types
Their ratios

A

When f1 progeny is crossed with recessive parent then
Monohybrid test cross , Dihybrid test cross
Mono = geno = 1:1
Phenotype = 1:1
Dihybrid = geno =. 1:1:1:1
Phenotype = 1:1:1:1

21
Q

Reciprocal cross
Same result in reciprocal as well as parental
Different result
Wrinkled enzyme

A

Set of two cross in which sex of parent are reversed
Karyogeny
Cytogeny
Starch branching enzyme

22
Q

Incomplete dominance , genotype ratio
Phenotype
Dominant allele , what occur

A

Blending of character occur , 1:2:1
1:2:1
Is not fully dominant over recessive allele in heterozygous conditions , intermediate

23
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Snapdragon plant / dog flower / antirrhinum majus
Mirabilis Jalapa / 4 o’clock plant / Gul -e- baan = Red , pink , white
Feather colour of andaleucian fowl = black , blue , white
Size of starch grain = large , medium , small

24
Q

Co dominance no , no
F1 resemble , phenotype Genotype
Eg 1
2
3

A

Blending of character, intermediate phenotype
Both the parents , 1:2:1 , 1:2:1
Coat. Colours of cattle’s f1 = sibmating = homo black , hetero roan , homo white
AB blood group of human
Carrier of sickle cell anemia =HBa , hbs ( affected

25
Q

Multiple alleles =
In diploid maxi, haploid Multiple alleles formed due to
Located
Blood group controlled by , has

A

More than two alleles present to control a character in population
2, 1 Mutation
On same locus of homologous chromosomes
I gene , 3 gene

26
Q

Plasma mem of RBC has
Possible no of genotype in multiple allele
Phenotype, genotype

A

Sugar polymer that protrude from its surface and the kind of sugar controlled by I gene
n(n+1) / 2
4 ,6

27
Q

Pleiotropic gene = ( effect)
The mechanism of pleiotrophy in most of cases is effect
Example 1
2

A

1 gene control more than one phenotype/ character
Of one gene on metabolic pathway which contribute different phenotype
In pea plant 1 gene control = seed colour, flower colour,red spot in leaf
Single gene B ( two alleles B,b) character 1 seed shape = round , round ,wrinkled
7th Character 2 size of starch grain = large , intermediate (medium) , small

28
Q

Pleiotropic gene ex 3

A

In drosophila = structure of reproductive organ
Egg production
Wing size
Bristles on wings
Longitivity

29
Q

Lethal gene , geno , pheno ratio
Ex 1
2

A

If present in homo condition then organisms will die , same 2:1
Leaf ( golden colour ) , antirirhium majus GG die
Coat colour of mice yellow (YY
Sickle cell anemia , Hbș Hbș die
Heomophila ( woman die

30
Q

Cytoplasmic inheritance/ / =
Cytogene //
Sperm contribute, ova contribute
Contribution of each dominant allele =

A

Organellar / maternal = inheritance of gene (cytogene) occur only through female
Plasmogene , extra nuclear gene
Nucleus, both cytoplasm nucleus
Maxi expressions - mini expressions/ total no of dominant alleles

31
Q

Ex of cytoplasmic inheritance

A

Shell coiling in snail
Sigma particles in drosophila
Kappa particles in paramecium
Plastid inheritance in plants
Male sterility in maize plant
Albinism in plant.
Inheritance of bacterial plasmid
Petite form in yeast
Poky neurospora

32
Q

Polygenic inheritance/ = , also effect
What is quantitative inheritance
Types of phenotype
Geno
Zygote where n is

A

Multiple gene inheritance = many chara ( more than 1 gene ) control one character , environmental factor
The intensity of character ( phenotype) proportional to no of dominant alleles
2n+ 1
3square n
4 square n , is no of polygene

33
Q

Mgi ex 1
Phenotypic ratio , curve , x axis , y axis
% parental plant
Sequence

A

Karnel colour of white regulated by 2 gene
1:4:6:4:1 ( start 4 domi , 0 rece ) , bell shape , no of dominant alleles , frequency
12.5%
Red light red, intermediate, very light red , white

34
Q

Mgi ex 2, phenotypic ratio
Sequence
Studitied by , % parental offspring

A

Colour of skin in human regulated by 3 gene , 1,6 , 15, 20, 15 , 6 , 1
Negro black , very dark brown , dark brown , mulatto ( inter ) , light brown , very light brown , white
Daven Port , 3.125

35
Q

Chromosomal theory of inheritance proposed by ( year) ,explains
Gamete serve as , importance
Sex determination is also controlled by
Each chromosome contains

A

Sutton and boveri ( 1902) , behaviour of chromosomes was. Parallel to behaviour of gene ( factor) , bridge b/w two successive generation , both gamete
Chromosome in some organisms
Many gene which are located in particular loci

36
Q

Gene. Chromosome
A
B
C gene

A

Occurs in pair
Segragrate at the time of gamete formation such the only one of each pair is transmitted to a gamete
Independent pairs segregate independently of each other
One pair segregates another pair

37
Q

Experimental verification of c.t.o.i given by , worked with
Reason

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan , tiny fruit flies drosophila melanogaster
Grown on simple synthetic medium in laboratory
Complete their life span in 2 weeks
Single mating would produce a large no of progeny flies
Clear difference b/w male and female
Hereditary variation that can be seen with low power microscope

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