Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geneticsss > Nucleic Acidddddd > Flashcards

Nucleic Acidddddd Flashcards

1
Q

Molecular inheritance =
Chart

A

Nucleic acid ( dna / rna
Polymer of nucleotides
= nucleoside + phosphates( h3po4-
Sugar + nbase
Sugar = monosaccharides = Pentose C5H10O5= ribose rna C5H10O5, deoxyribose = C5H10O4
Nbase = purine 2 ring = adenine and guanine
Pyrimidine 1 ring = cytosine , uracil / thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

—— discovered nucleic acid , in , year !Term nucleic acid
Skeletal of nbase contain , pyrimidine consist ()
Eg
Purine consist of ,ie
Eg

A

F. Meischer (1869 , pus cell , Altmann
Heterocyclic ring , 1 pyrimidine ring ( 2 N+4C)
Cystosine , uracil ( demethylated thymine , thymine ( 5 methyl uracil
2 rings 1 pyrimidine ring (2N+4C),1 imidazole (2N+ 3C)
Adenine, guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DNA / rna more stable , reason
Phosphate
N2 forms bond with —- c of —- to form a nucleoside
N2 forms bond with sugar in pyrimidine, in purines
To form a complete nucleotide

A

DNA = o2 absent , less reactive, more stable
Acidic , negative charged , h3po4
With 1 c , Pentose sugar ,
Of first place (N1), of ninth place (N9)
Phosphate forms ester bond ( covalent ) with 5 th c of sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

RNA n base Nucleosides = nucleotides =

A

= n base + ribose sugar = nucleoside + p
Adenine Adenosine Adenylic acid
Guanine Guanosine Guanylic acid
Cytosine Cytidine. Cytidine acid
Uracil Uridine Uridylic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA n base Nucleosides = nucleotides =

A

= n base + deoxy ribose sugar = nucleoside + p
Adenine Deoxy Adenosine Deoxy Adenylic acid
Guanine Deoxy Guanosine Deoxy Guanylic acid
Cytosine Deoxy Cytidine. Deoxy Cytidine acid
Thymine deoxythymidine. Deoxythymidylic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

C1 + n base bond ( formula
Phosphoester bond = d.s , s.s
Phosphodiester bond = d.s,s.s
H bond
Characterised bond of carbohydrates , dna

A

Glycosidic bond ( no of n2 base
2n-2, 2n-1
n-2, n-1
AT x 2 + CG x 3
Glycosidic bond , phosphodiester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The backbone of dna is , what forms the backbone
In rna every nucleotide residue has an
Func of rna =mRNA
tRNA
3
4behave like
5 work as

A

Sugar and phosphate , n2 base linked to sugar moiety projects
Additional oh group at 2nd position in ribose sugar
As a messenger =
AS a adapter
Structural = rna + protein = ribosome
Enzyme = ribozyme
Genetic material in some virus ( rna virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DNA is a ___ polymer of , charged
The length of dna is usually defined as , this is also
Double helix model given by , in , based on
Why taken so long
Data given by

A

Long of deoxyribonucleotide , negatively
No of nucleotide ( ss bases, ds base pair ) , characteristics of living organisms
James Watson , Francis crick , 1953, X ray diffraction, X rays crystallography
Due to technical limitations in isolating such a long polymer
Maurice Wilkins , Rosalind Franklins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

No of nucleotides Genetic material
Phi x 174. Bacteriophage
Lamda bacteriophage
E.coli
Human
Human genome /

A

5386 bases. SS dna , circular
48502 base pair. DS dna , linear
4.6 x 10 raise to 6 base pair , ds circular naked dna
6.6 x 10 power 9 base pair m ds linear dna
Haploid cell 3.3 x 10 power to 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Noble prize in , to , both polynucleotide chain are
Both strands of dna are held by , these bond are +nt b/w
What confers stability to helical structure of dna 1
2

A

1962 , Watson , crick , Wilkins , complementary and antiparallel
H2 bonds N2 bases of both strands
In dna plane one base pair stacks over the other in double helix
H bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pitch of helix is (), one turn
Distance b/w two successive steps , angle b/w two base pair is
Chargaffs equivalency seen in , rule , principle
Equation ,

A

3.4 nm, 34 A , ( a nano meter is one billionth of a meter , 10 steps / n2 bases
0.34 nm, 3.4 A , 36^
Ds dna ,ds rna , purine = pyrimidine , complementary base pair
A+G/C+T =1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chargaff (not really ) rule for prokaryotes , for eukaryotes
More melting temp , human dna length
DNA molecule denaturation temp
Coiling pattern of dna

A

A+T / G+C = 0.92;, 1.52
More CG contain , 2.2 m
(80-90c)
Two strand of dna are helically coiled like a revolving ladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of dna right handed dna = eg
Left handed eg
Palindromic dna
Eg

A

Clockwise twisting , Watson and crick model wala B dna
Anticlockwise twisting , Z dna
Sequence of nucleotides same from both ends
GG TA CC
CC AT GG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Avg distance b/w two adjacent Bp , length of dna for a human diploid cell is
Ecoli length is
DNA (charge ) is held with some ( prokaryotes (charges , in
In eukaryotes packaging done by

A

0.34 nm ( 0.34x 10 power -9 m or 3.4 Å ) 6.6 x 109 x 0.34x 10 power -9 m = 2.2 m
1.36 mm
Negative, proteins ( polyamines / non histones ) ( positive/ basic protein , nucleoid
Histone protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Histone protein rich in (), is
Types
Histone octamer
Nucleoside
Contains

A

Lysine and arginine amino acids ( basic amino acids ) ( positive charge , basic
H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4
Two molecules each of , H2A,H2B,H3,H4
- ve charged dna is wrapped around + vely histone octamer to form a structure
200 bps of dna helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chromatin = , are
Seen as
Linker dna , attached to

A

Nucleosomes constitute the repeating unit of a structure in nucleus , thread like stained ( coloured ) bodies seen in nucleus
Beads on string appearance under electron microscope
DNA present b/w two adjacent nucleosomes , h1 histone protein

17
Q

How chromosomes forms , nhc protein
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin
Basic unit of dna compaction

A

Chromatin coils and condensed at metaphase ,non histone chromosomal complex
Some region of chromatin are loosely packed ( stains light ) transcriptionally active
Chromatin is more densely packed and stains dark transcriptionally inactive
Nucleosome

18
Q

Evidence from bacterial transformation by , in,
Used , I.e
Smooth /sIII =,,,,
Rough / R II

A

Frederick Griffith , 1928
Diplococcus or streptococcus pneumoniae or pneumococcus , SIII ( smooth virulent ) and RII non virulent
Capsulated , mucosa coat / shiny ( polysaccharides carbohydrate) , virulent ( cause disease) , produce smooth shiny colony
Non capsulated , non virulent ( do not cause disease) , Produce rough colony

19
Q

Which mice dies
Transforming principle enable the
3 scientist name
Experiment

Also discovered

A

Live S strain , s strain ( heat killed ) + R strain (living
R bacteria to synthesis smooth polysaccharide coat ( mucosa ) and become virulent
Oswald avery , Colin Macleod , maclyn McCarty ( 1933-44)
Proteinase + R (live ) + heat killed S = transformation occur
RNAses + R (live ) + heat killed S = transformation occur
DNase + R (live ) + heat killed S = transformation not occur
Protein digestion enzymes, RNase , DNase

20
Q

Hershey and chase experiment (), elements
Protein has ,DNA has
Work with
Steps
Why dna genetic material

A

1952 , p32 radio , p31 normal , s32 normal , s35 radio
C,H,O,N,S , C,H,O,N,P
Virus that infect bacteria ( ecoli bacteria ) ( t2 bacteriophage)
Infection , blending , centrifugation
Bacteria which was infected with virus that had radioactive dna were radio active ( p32

21
Q

First criteria
Second
Third
Fourth

A

Gm should be able to generate its replica of own kind ( replication ) = dna and rna
It should be chemically and structurally be stable = dna&raquo_space; rna
Gm should be capable of undergoing slow changes ( mutation ) = both but rna faster
Gm should be able to express itself in form of Mendelian character = rna can for synthesis of protein

22
Q

Why dna fn as genetic material
Central dogma proposed by , in
Chart

A

DNA&raquo_space;> rna stable for storage of gm or transmission of genetic information
Francis Crick , molecular biology which state that genetic information flow from
dna = > rna => protein
DNA = dna ( replication) = mRNA ( transcription) = protein ( translation)
mRNA = dna ( reverse transcription

23
Q

DNA replication occurs in eu ,pro
Method , proposed by , experimentally proved by , worked on
Used , centrifugation
Proved at chromosomal level , work on , used

A

In s phase , just before fission
Semi conservative , Watson and crick ( complementary base pair idea ) , Matthew meselson and franklin stahl ( 1958 , ecoli bacteria
N14,N15 (both are non radioactive , cscl density gradient
Taylor and his colleagues , vicia Faba ( faba bean ) , radioactive thymidine ( Nucleosides

24
Q

Ori , rich , pro , eu
Helicase enzyme fn ,, cofactor
Dna replication Occur in
Ssb protein , fn

A

Origin of replication , a-t rich sequence, only one , many
Breakdown h bond , dsdna to ss dna ( mg 2+
S phase in eukaryotes
Single stranded dna binding protein , prevent reformation of h bond

25
Q

Topoisomerase enzyme , in pro
DNA dependent dna enzyme , ecoli min
Types in eu , in pro
DNA poly 1,, form

A

Release tension which occur due to supercoiling , dna gyrase
Main enzyme for replication , high speed 2000bp , 18min
O5 types , 03types

26
Q

DNA poly 1 Poly 2. Poly 3
Discovered ‘’’’’. ,,,,,,,
Forms
Remove rna primer
DNA repair
Exonucleuse activity 3’ to 5’

A

By. Korn brag. Least reactive. Main enzyme for dna replication
Short chain for Short chain. Long chain
Gap filling
Yes. No. No
Yes. Yes. No
Yes. Yes. Yes

27
Q

Primase enzyme/ , strat , form
DNA ligase ,fn
Primare directions . RNA removed by , in nucleoplasm nucleotide are present in
Fn

A

rna polymerase , start polymerisation , form primer short chain of rna
Molecular glue , join fragment of dna
5’to3’ m dna poly 1 , form of Deoxy nucleoside tri phosphate
As a substrate
Provide energy for replication ( by breaking phosphate bond

28
Q

Leading stand / , form , in direction of replication fork
Lagging / form , in direction of replication fork
RNA is better material

A

Continuous stand , 3’to5’ , same
Discontinuous/ Okazaki fragments = form on template 5’to 3’ , in opposite
For transmission of information

29
Q

Genetic rna / genomic rna eg
RNA () ,most , max formed in but 5srRNA , also known as
Also known as , in eu , in pro
Pro large subunit has , bind to ,small has , bind to
Eu
What helps to binding in pro

A

Reo virus , qb bacteriophage, TMV,Covid 19,hiv
80% ,most abundant,stable , in nucleolus ,in nucleoplasm , structural rna ribosome
Catalyst / ribozyme / catalytic rna (80s) , 28srRNA , 23 (70s)
50s = 5,23, , to tRNA , 30s 16 , mRNA
60 s 5,5.8,28 40 18
Mg2+

30
Q

tRNA / /
%, fn ,size
Structure 2d ,3d , 5’ nst ,3
T phi C loop /fn

A

10-15% , srna soluble , adapter , carrier rna
10-15 , nucleus synthesis, small rna than 5 s
Clover leaf like (Holley ) , inverted L (Kim ), guanosine, amino accepter end
Attachment loop , help tRNA to attach to large subunit of ribosomes

31
Q

Dhu loop fn
Recognition/ fn
Recognise its
mRNA (%, produced in , , is

A

Help in recognition of amino aceyl synthase enzyme
Anticodon loop , recognise its place on mRNA with help of anticodon ,
It’s complimentary sequence on mRNA , codon
1-5% , dna in nucleus, least stable , template rna for proteins synthesis

32
Q

Transcription , how may strands participate
Antisense / fn., polarity
Sense //. Fn ,polarity fn ,,,,,
DNA dependent rna polymerase fn

A

The process of copying genetic information from strand if dna into rna , only one strand
Template, non coding Code for rna 3’to5’
Coding /non template , does not code for anything, 5’to3’ , Sq same as rna (T->U
5’-3’ polymerisation = Shaun formation of rna
Break h bond ( opening of dna helix

33
Q

DNA dependent rna polymerase type fn 1eu

Pro
Holoenzyme
Transcription unit has

A

I= 28srna , 18,5.8
2 = hn ( heterogeneous nuclear rna ,mRNA
3 = tRNA,5s,snrna ( small nuclear rna
Only one
RNA polymerase core enzyme + sigma factor = rna polymerase holoenzyme
Pro motor,structural gene,terminator

34
Q

Promotor located , terminator
Gene =
Structural gene = regulatory gene why
Cistron =
Types

A

5’end (upstream of structural gene , 3’end downstream
Functional unit of inheritance
Inheritance of chara also affected by promotor and regulatory sequence of str gene
Segment of dna coding for polypeptide
Mono = eu, poly = pro

35
Q

Transcription divided into
Who recognises promotor site of dna , rna formation polarity
____ come to lie opposite of
Release energy , enzymes

A

Initiation, elongation,termination
Initiation = sigma factor , 5’to3’
Ribonucleoside tri phosphates ,of complementary n2 bases of anti sense strand
Pyrophosphate enzyme

36
Q

How rna poly continuous elongation
In pro , termination site is recognised by
Who catalyse all 3 step
Split gene discovered by

A

Also facilitates opening of helix
Rho factor
RNA polymerase
Sharp and Roberts’s

37
Q

Split gene = ,
Hn rna ,is
Capping
Tailing ()
Now

A

Gene which contain non coding (introns parts along with coding part (exons
( heterogeneous nuclear rna ) By transcription split gene produces rna which contain coding and non coding ,,,,,, unstable
7 methyl guanosine tri phosphate ( an unusual nucleotide) is added to 5’
200-300 nucleotide of adenylic acid (independent manner ) to 3’ = poly A tail
Hn is stable

38
Q

Splicing = , done by , forms
Now __ is transported
Split gene eg exception
Split gene arrangement further compliments the

A

Introns are removed and exons joined in defined order , spliciosome complex = snrna + protein , fully processed hn rna = mRNA
mRNA out of nucleus for translation
Eukaryotic = gene of histones and interferon protein
Definition of gene in terms of dns seg

Geneticsss (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions