Nucleic Acidddddd Flashcards by Samrudhi Menthe

Molecular inheritance =
Chart

Nucleic acid ( dna / rna
Polymer of nucleotides
= nucleoside + phosphates( h3po4-
Sugar + nbase
Sugar = monosaccharides = Pentose C5H10O5= ribose rna C5H10O5, deoxyribose = C5H10O4
Nbase = purine 2 ring = adenine and guanine
Pyrimidine 1 ring = cytosine , uracil / thymine

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—— discovered nucleic acid , in , year !Term nucleic acid
Skeletal of nbase contain , pyrimidine consist ()
Eg
Purine consist of ,ie
Eg

F. Meischer (1869 , pus cell , Altmann
Heterocyclic ring , 1 pyrimidine ring ( 2 N+4C)
Cystosine , uracil ( demethylated thymine , thymine ( 5 methyl uracil
2 rings 1 pyrimidine ring (2N+4C),1 imidazole (2N+ 3C)
Adenine, guanine

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DNA / rna more stable , reason
Phosphate
N2 forms bond with —- c of —- to form a nucleoside
N2 forms bond with sugar in pyrimidine, in purines
To form a complete nucleotide

DNA = o2 absent , less reactive, more stable
Acidic , negative charged , h3po4
With 1 c , Pentose sugar ,
Of first place (N1), of ninth place (N9)
Phosphate forms ester bond ( covalent ) with 5 th c of sugar

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RNA n base Nucleosides = nucleotides =

= n base + ribose sugar = nucleoside + p
Adenine Adenosine Adenylic acid
Guanine Guanosine Guanylic acid
Cytosine Cytidine. Cytidine acid
Uracil Uridine Uridylic acid

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DNA n base Nucleosides = nucleotides =

= n base + deoxy ribose sugar = nucleoside + p
Adenine Deoxy Adenosine Deoxy Adenylic acid
Guanine Deoxy Guanosine Deoxy Guanylic acid
Cytosine Deoxy Cytidine. Deoxy Cytidine acid
Thymine deoxythymidine. Deoxythymidylic acid

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C1 + n base bond ( formula
Phosphoester bond = d.s , s.s
Phosphodiester bond = d.s,s.s
H bond
Characterised bond of carbohydrates , dna

Glycosidic bond ( no of n2 base
2n-2, 2n-1
n-2, n-1
AT x 2 + CG x 3
Glycosidic bond , phosphodiester

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The backbone of dna is , what forms the backbone
In rna every nucleotide residue has an
Func of rna =mRNA
tRNA
3
4behave like
5 work as

Sugar and phosphate , n2 base linked to sugar moiety projects
Additional oh group at 2nd position in ribose sugar
As a messenger =
AS a adapter
Structural = rna + protein = ribosome
Enzyme = ribozyme
Genetic material in some virus ( rna virus

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DNA is a ___ polymer of , charged
The length of dna is usually defined as , this is also
Double helix model given by , in , based on
Why taken so long
Data given by

Long of deoxyribonucleotide , negatively
No of nucleotide ( ss bases, ds base pair ) , characteristics of living organisms
James Watson , Francis crick , 1953, X ray diffraction, X rays crystallography
Due to technical limitations in isolating such a long polymer
Maurice Wilkins , Rosalind Franklins

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No of nucleotides Genetic material
Phi x 174. Bacteriophage
Lamda bacteriophage
E.coli
Human
Human genome /

5386 bases. SS dna , circular
48502 base pair. DS dna , linear
4.6 x 10 raise to 6 base pair , ds circular naked dna
6.6 x 10 power 9 base pair m ds linear dna
Haploid cell 3.3 x 10 power to 9

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Noble prize in , to , both polynucleotide chain are
Both strands of dna are held by , these bond are +nt b/w
What confers stability to helical structure of dna 1
2

1962 , Watson , crick , Wilkins , complementary and antiparallel
H2 bonds N2 bases of both strands
In dna plane one base pair stacks over the other in double helix
H bonds

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Pitch of helix is (), one turn
Distance b/w two successive steps , angle b/w two base pair is
Chargaffs equivalency seen in , rule , principle
Equation ,

3.4 nm, 34 A , ( a nano meter is one billionth of a meter , 10 steps / n2 bases
0.34 nm, 3.4 A , 36^
Ds dna ,ds rna , purine = pyrimidine , complementary base pair
A+G/C+T =1

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Chargaff (not really ) rule for prokaryotes , for eukaryotes
More melting temp , human dna length
DNA molecule denaturation temp
Coiling pattern of dna

A+T / G+C = 0.92;, 1.52
More CG contain , 2.2 m
(80-90c)
Two strand of dna are helically coiled like a revolving ladder

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Types of dna right handed dna = eg
Left handed eg
Palindromic dna
Eg

Clockwise twisting , Watson and crick model wala B dna
Anticlockwise twisting , Z dna
Sequence of nucleotides same from both ends
GG TA CC
CC AT GG

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Avg distance b/w two adjacent Bp , length of dna for a human diploid cell is
Ecoli length is
DNA (charge ) is held with some ( prokaryotes (charges , in
In eukaryotes packaging done by

0.34 nm ( 0.34x 10 power -9 m or 3.4 Å ) 6.6 x 109 x 0.34x 10 power -9 m = 2.2 m
1.36 mm
Negative, proteins ( polyamines / non histones ) ( positive/ basic protein , nucleoid
Histone protein

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Histone protein rich in (), is
Types
Histone octamer
Nucleoside
Contains

Lysine and arginine amino acids ( basic amino acids ) ( positive charge , basic
H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4
Two molecules each of , H2A,H2B,H3,H4
- ve charged dna is wrapped around + vely histone octamer to form a structure
200 bps of dna helix

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Chromatin = , are
Seen as
Linker dna , attached to

Nucleosomes constitute the repeating unit of a structure in nucleus , thread like stained ( coloured ) bodies seen in nucleus
Beads on string appearance under electron microscope
DNA present b/w two adjacent nucleosomes , h1 histone protein

How chromosomes forms , nhc protein
Euchromatin
Heterochromatin
Basic unit of dna compaction

Chromatin coils and condensed at metaphase ,non histone chromosomal complex
Some region of chromatin are loosely packed ( stains light ) transcriptionally active
Chromatin is more densely packed and stains dark transcriptionally inactive
Nucleosome

Evidence from bacterial transformation by , in,
Used , I.e
Smooth /sIII =,,,,
Rough / R II

Frederick Griffith , 1928
Diplococcus or streptococcus pneumoniae or pneumococcus , SIII ( smooth virulent ) and RII non virulent
Capsulated , mucosa coat / shiny ( polysaccharides carbohydrate) , virulent ( cause disease) , produce smooth shiny colony
Non capsulated , non virulent ( do not cause disease) , Produce rough colony

Which mice dies
Transforming principle enable the
3 scientist name
Experiment

Also discovered

Live S strain , s strain ( heat killed ) + R strain (living
R bacteria to synthesis smooth polysaccharide coat ( mucosa ) and become virulent
Oswald avery , Colin Macleod , maclyn McCarty ( 1933-44)
Proteinase + R (live ) + heat killed S = transformation occur
RNAses + R (live ) + heat killed S = transformation occur
DNase + R (live ) + heat killed S = transformation not occur
Protein digestion enzymes, RNase , DNase

Hershey and chase experiment (), elements
Protein has ,DNA has
Work with
Steps
Why dna genetic material

1952 , p32 radio , p31 normal , s32 normal , s35 radio
C,H,O,N,S , C,H,O,N,P
Virus that infect bacteria ( ecoli bacteria ) ( t2 bacteriophage)
Infection , blending , centrifugation
Bacteria which was infected with virus that had radioactive dna were radio active ( p32

First criteria
Second
Third
Fourth

Gm should be able to generate its replica of own kind ( replication ) = dna and rna
It should be chemically and structurally be stable = dna&raquo_space; rna
Gm should be capable of undergoing slow changes ( mutation ) = both but rna faster
Gm should be able to express itself in form of Mendelian character = rna can for synthesis of protein

Why dna fn as genetic material
Central dogma proposed by , in
Chart

DNA&raquo_space;> rna stable for storage of gm or transmission of genetic information
Francis Crick , molecular biology which state that genetic information flow from
dna = > rna => protein
DNA = dna ( replication) = mRNA ( transcription) = protein ( translation)
mRNA = dna ( reverse transcription

DNA replication occurs in eu ,pro
Method , proposed by , experimentally proved by , worked on
Used , centrifugation
Proved at chromosomal level , work on , used

In s phase , just before fission
Semi conservative , Watson and crick ( complementary base pair idea ) , Matthew meselson and franklin stahl ( 1958 , ecoli bacteria
N14,N15 (both are non radioactive , cscl density gradient
Taylor and his colleagues , vicia Faba ( faba bean ) , radioactive thymidine ( Nucleosides

Ori , rich , pro , eu
Helicase enzyme fn ,, cofactor
Dna replication Occur in
Ssb protein , fn

Origin of replication , a-t rich sequence, only one , many
Breakdown h bond , dsdna to ss dna ( mg 2+
S phase in eukaryotes
Single stranded dna binding protein , prevent reformation of h bond

Topoisomerase enzyme , in pro DNA dependent dna enzyme , ecoli min Types in eu , in pro DNA poly 1,, form

Release tension which occur due to supercoiling , dna gyrase Main enzyme for replication , high speed 2000bp , 18min O5 types , 03types

DNA poly 1 Poly 2. Poly 3 Discovered ‘’’’’. ,,,,,,, Forms Remove rna primer DNA repair Exonucleuse activity 3’ to 5’

By. Korn brag. Least reactive. Main enzyme for dna replication Short chain for Short chain. Long chain Gap filling Yes. No. No Yes. Yes. No Yes. Yes. Yes

Primase enzyme/ , strat , form DNA ligase ,fn Primare directions . RNA removed by , in nucleoplasm nucleotide are present in Fn

rna polymerase , start polymerisation , form primer short chain of rna Molecular glue , join fragment of dna 5’to3’ m dna poly 1 , form of Deoxy nucleoside tri phosphate As a substrate Provide energy for replication ( by breaking phosphate bond

Leading stand / , form , in direction of replication fork Lagging / form , in direction of replication fork RNA is better material

Continuous stand , 3’to5’ , same Discontinuous/ Okazaki fragments = form on template 5’to 3’ , in opposite For transmission of information

Genetic rna / genomic rna eg RNA () ,most , max formed in but 5srRNA , also known as Also known as , in eu , in pro Pro large subunit has , bind to ,small has , bind to Eu What helps to binding in pro

Reo virus , qb bacteriophage, TMV,Covid 19,hiv 80% ,most abundant,stable , in nucleolus ,in nucleoplasm , structural rna ribosome Catalyst / ribozyme / catalytic rna (80s) , 28srRNA , 23 (70s) 50s = 5,23, , to tRNA , 30s 16 , mRNA 60 s 5,5.8,28 40 18 Mg2+

tRNA / / %, fn ,size Structure 2d ,3d , 5’ nst ,3 T phi C loop /fn

10-15% , srna soluble , adapter , carrier rna 10-15 , nucleus synthesis, small rna than 5 s Clover leaf like (Holley ) , inverted L (Kim ), guanosine, amino accepter end Attachment loop , help tRNA to attach to large subunit of ribosomes

Dhu loop fn Recognition/ fn Recognise its mRNA (%, produced in , , is

Help in recognition of amino aceyl synthase enzyme Anticodon loop , recognise its place on mRNA with help of anticodon , It’s complimentary sequence on mRNA , codon 1-5% , dna in nucleus, least stable , template rna for proteins synthesis

Transcription , how may strands participate Antisense / fn., polarity Sense //. Fn ,polarity fn ,,,,, DNA dependent rna polymerase fn

The process of copying genetic information from strand if dna into rna , only one strand Template, non coding Code for rna 3’to5’ Coding /non template , does not code for anything, 5’to3’ , Sq same as rna (T->U 5’-3’ polymerisation = Shaun formation of rna Break h bond ( opening of dna helix

DNA dependent rna polymerase type fn 1eu Pro Holoenzyme Transcription unit has

I= 28srna , 18,5.8 2 = hn ( heterogeneous nuclear rna ,mRNA 3 = tRNA,5s,snrna ( small nuclear rna Only one RNA polymerase core enzyme + sigma factor = rna polymerase holoenzyme Pro motor,structural gene,terminator

Promotor located , terminator Gene = Structural gene = regulatory gene why Cistron = Types

5’end (upstream of structural gene , 3’end downstream Functional unit of inheritance Inheritance of chara also affected by promotor and regulatory sequence of str gene Segment of dna coding for polypeptide Mono = eu, poly = pro

Transcription divided into Who recognises promotor site of dna , rna formation polarity ____ come to lie opposite of Release energy , enzymes

Initiation, elongation,termination Initiation = sigma factor , 5’to3’ Ribonucleoside tri phosphates ,of complementary n2 bases of anti sense strand Pyrophosphate enzyme

How rna poly continuous elongation In pro , termination site is recognised by Who catalyse all 3 step Split gene discovered by

Also facilitates opening of helix Rho factor RNA polymerase Sharp and Roberts’s

Split gene = , Hn rna ,is Capping Tailing () Now

Gene which contain non coding (introns parts along with coding part (exons ( heterogeneous nuclear rna ) By transcription split gene produces rna which contain coding and non coding ,,,,,, unstable 7 methyl guanosine tri phosphate ( an unusual nucleotide) is added to 5’ 200-300 nucleotide of adenylic acid (independent manner ) to 3’ = poly A tail Hn is stable

Splicing = , done by , forms Now __ is transported Split gene eg exception Split gene arrangement further compliments the

Introns are removed and exons joined in defined order , spliciosome complex = snrna + protein , fully processed hn rna = mRNA mRNA out of nucleus for translation Eukaryotic = gene of histones and interferon protein Definition of gene in terms of dns seg