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Geneticsss > Linkageeee > Flashcards

Linkageeee Flashcards

1
Q

Link gene
Linkage , exception of
First time observed by
Experiment and () by

A

All the gene present in one / same chromosome
The phenomenon of collective inheritance of character / gene ( link , mendacity law of independent assortment
Bateson and Punnett ( coupling and repulsion theory )
Term , Morgan ( drosophila Melanogaster ) ( fruit fly

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2
Q

Drosophila melanogaster reasons 1 , life span
Many _____ ______ character which have
Male () , female () , chromosome no
Autosome + sex chromosomes

A

Can be easily grown in synthetic media / laboratory , 2 weeks
Observable , contrasting , variation
Short , long , 8
3 pair + 1 pair ( human like

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3
Q

Break the linkage , can
Occur b/w
Link gene are always
Are +nt

A

Crossing over / recombination , can separate the link gene
Non sister chromatid of chromosome in Pachytene
Non allelic
+ nt on same chromosome

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4
Q

Linkage ____ proportional to 1
2
1and2
Factors affecting crossing over 1
2
3
4 sex gender co absent in

A

Indirectly crossing over
Distance
C.O directly proportional to distance
Distance , increase co increase
Temp increases co decrease
Age increase co decrease
Male drosophila , in female silkworm

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5
Q

Complete linkage ,co is (%) co , linkage , new combination
Eg
Behave like , geno pheno

A

Absent , 0%,100%,0%
Few genes of male drosophila , female silkworm
Mono hybrid cross , 1:2:1 ,3:1

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6
Q

Incomplete linkage most , parental combo ___ new combo
Max frequency of recombination
Arrangement of linked gene on chromosome
A
B occur due to

A

Common type of linkage&raquo_space;>
50%
CIS Arrangement/ coupling = original arrangement/ pour
Trans arrangement / repulsion = mutation

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7
Q

Genetic map //

Distance _____ proportional to
1% recombinated =

A

Linkage map , chromosomal map
Is a straight line in which different gene are linearly arranged in specific sequences separated by distance
Directly crossing over
1 cM ( centiMorgan ) or 1 mu ( map unit distance

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8
Q

Recombination frequency/
Who prepared first chromosomal map of drosophila , by using
Uses

A

Cross over value = no of recombinant offspring / total no of offspring x100
Alfred sturtevant = recombination frequency
Distance b/w two linked gene
Sequence of linked gene

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9
Q

In drosophila
Character Trait / wild. Trait mutant (recessive
Eye colour
Body colour
Wing shape
Gene of are character are located in

A

Red eye W+ White eye W
Brown colour Y+. Yellow colour Y
Normal wings M+. Miniature M
X chromosome

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10
Q

Cross A body colour and eye colour f2 gen parental ( linkage %), recombinant
Cross B eye colour and wing size
Autosome chromosome, sex chromosomes/

A

Case A = 98.7%, 1.3%
Case B = 62.8%,37.2 %
44 , Allosome XX/ XY

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11
Q

X linkage = ,eg
Y linkage() = , eg

A

Both male and female , haemophilia , colourblindness
Holandric character- only in male ,
Sry gene (TDF = testis determining factor
Hypertrichosis
Purcupine skin
Webbed toe

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12
Q

Haemophilia //=
Alleles

Blood clotting time normal human

A

Bleeding , royal disease = sex linked recessive disease
44+XY = normal male , 44+XX = normal female , 44+XḥY = haemophilic male
44+XXḥ = normal / carrier female , 44+XḥXḥ = lethal gene ( die in embryonal stage )
1-8 min
30 min to 24 hour

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13
Q

Bleeding types
1
2
3
In this disease a single

A

Haemo A = blood clotting factor 8 absent ( royal disease 8= antihaemophilic globulin ahg
Haemo B = B.c.f 9 absent ( Christmas factor = plasma thromboplastin component
Haemo c = B.c.f 11 absent
Protein that is part of cascade of protein involved in clotting of blood affected

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14
Q

Haemophilic son how
Female
Types of colour blindness
Test

A

By heterozygous female / carrier
Extremely rare mother = carrier, father = diseased ( die due to leathal gene
Protonopia = red , deuteronopia = green , tritonopia = blue
Ishihare chart

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15
Q

Colour blindness is not , more common in (reason
Male %, female %
What results in failure to distinguish b/w green , blue,red
Due to
Daughter will be colourblind

A

A leathal disease , male , due to hemizygous condition
8%,0.4%
Either red or green cone eye defected
Mutation in certain gene present in X chromosome
Mother = carrier , diseased , father diseased

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16
Q

Types of inheritance of sex link character
A) ____/___. eg 1/
2) = /
If gene +nt in
B) =1 /
2=/
If gene +nt in

A

A) criss cross inheritance/ Morgan = grandfather then mother than son = diagenic
2 grandmother than son than grand daughter = dia andric
X chromosome
B) Non criss cross inheritance = g. father then father than g son = Holandric
2 ) g mother than daughter than g daughter = hologenic
Y chromosome

17
Q

Sex limited character , +nt in
Expression of gene controlled by
eg , gene located on
Eg

A

One sex ( gender ) and absent in another sex but there genes are +nt in both
Sex hormones
secondary sexual characters , Autosome
Gene of beard and mustache ( control by testosterone hormones )

18
Q

Sex influenced character, gene of these character +nt
_____ +nt in male in __… condition , inf female
Geno male , female BB , bb Bb
Male honey bee quote

A

On Autosome but their expression different in male and female
Baldness in heterozygous, absent
+nt both , absent both , male +nt female absent
I have no father and no son but I have grandfather and grandson

19
Q

Mechanism of sex determination types a)1
2
B)
X chromosome name given by ,year

A

Allosomic determination of sex 1) XX-XY or lygaeous eg human
2) XX female and Xo male / protenor type eg insects grass hopper , cockroach
Haploid - diploid mechanism sex determination on bee
Henking in 1891 observed a structure in some sperm of insect

20
Q

Homo genetic parent = , produce eg
Heter= ,produce decide eg
Allosomic determination of sex regulate
1 ) XX-XY / first seen by ,in
Types 1
Eg

A

Both sex chromo similar and produce 1 type of gamete eg human female
Both sex chromo dissimilar and produce 2 type of gamete , human male
Somatic characters
Lygaeus type by Wilson and Steven’s in lygaeus insect
XX female ( homo Gametic and XY male ( hetero
Human , drosophila , mammals

21
Q

Allosomic
Lygaeus type second example = female,male
Eg
XX female and XO male / = female , male ()
Eg

A

ZW female and ZZ male = female hetero (2 gamete ) male homo
Birds , moth , fish , butterfly , reptile
Protenor = F = homo , M = hetero
Most of insect grass hopper(23) , cockroach

22
Q

Hhjj

A
23
Q

Haploid - diploid mechanism / , sex deter occurs on basis of
Female , male chromo
Male () develops from ,by
Females (,) = ===

A

Sex determination in honey bee , number of sets of chromosomes
Diploid ( two sets of chromo) 32, haploid ( one set of chromo 16
Drone from unfertilised eggs by parthenogenesis
Queen and worker bee female from diploid eggs I.e fertilised

24
Q

Drone produce sperm by, queen worker difference
Human genetics
Eugenics =
Father

A

Mitosis , q= feeds on royal jelly , w= bee bread
Study or analysis of genetic characters in human
Improvement of human beings by applying principles of genetics
Francis Galton

25
Q

Genetic disorder main two types
A) types1, eg

Type 2 eg 1

A

A) Mendelian disorder B ) chromosomal disorder
Autosomal = dominant- myotonic dystrophy, recess = sickle cell anemia , thalessemia , phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria , albinism , cystic fibrosis
Sex linked X linked domi - pseudorickets , rece - colour blindness, Haemo , DMD = duchenne muscular dystrophy
Y linked sry , TDF

26
Q

Mendelian disorders determined by
Most common disorders ,,,,,,
Environmental mechanism eg 1

A

Alterations or mutation in single gene
Haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, SCA , colour blindness, phenylketonuria, thalassemia
In Medusa fish , turtles cool temp = male , hot temp = female
In crocodile cool = female , hot = male

27
Q

Genetic balance theory g.i
Mutation type
1 types and eg

A

Genetic index = no of X chromosome/ set of chromosomes
Quantity( genomatic mutation ) / quality chromosomal abbreviation
Aneuploidy ( only few no of chromosome alter )
Monosomic eg turner syndrome n-1
Nullisomic n-2
Trisomic n+1
Tetrasomic n+2

28
Q

Genomic mutation second type
Eg
Quality / eg,,,,,

A

Polyploidy set of chromosomes alter
Haploid , triploid , tetraploid
Chromosomal abbreviation
Deletion (end portion delete ), interstial ( mid portion delete ), duplication ( copy
Translocation ( certain part change location ) , inversion ( ulata

29
Q

Mutation , it’ is a
Down syndrome first discovered by , year
Genetic disorder caused by ( mono / null / tri ), total chromosome

A

Sudden change in quality or quantity of genetic material which cause change in geno phenotype , discontinuous change and inheritable
Langdon Down , 1866
Presence of 1 additional copy of chromosome no 21 ( tri ) , 47

30
Q

Symptom of down syndrome Height
Head , tongue
Mouth , ,,,,
Retarded
Disease
Tips

A

Short statured
Small round head
Furrowed tongue ( big and wrinkled
Partially open mouth
Palm crease ( broader
Physical , pyshomator and mental development is retarded
Congenital heart disease
Many loops on finger tips

31
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome also a genetic disorder caused by ,in , geno total chromosome
Overall development , also development eg , such individual are
Turner syndrome occur due to , geno total chromosome
Eg of ( mono / null / tri ), such ~____ are

A

Additional X chromosome in male human , 44+XXY, 47
Musculine , feminine gynaecomastia = breast development , sterile , tall
Absence of one X chromosome 45 ( 44+XO
Mono , female are sterile

32
Q

Turner syndrome symptoms
Mutagens
Eg 1,,, used to reduce mutation
2
3

A

Short statured and undeveloped feminine chara , poor breast development, Rudimentary undeveloped ovary , no menstrual cycle , lack of sec sex chara
Agents which cause mutation
Physical uv rays ttdimer ( thymine thymine dimer ) , x ray , gamma ray , used in plants
Chemical NMU , dye , chalchicine , mustard gene
Biological Viruses

33
Q

Sickle cell anemia blood =, = ,=,=
Right , mutation amino acid , rna dna
Associated with

This disease caused due to
Under

A

RBC, Hb ,beta protein , 6 th amino acids
Glutamic acid , valine , GAG , GUG , GAG - CTC , GTC - CAC
Leathal gene , codominance , Pleiotropic( disease cause , resistance power malaria , organ development) ,point mutation
Mutation of gene controlling beta chain of hb,
Low o2 tension , Hb polymerisation

34
Q

Phenylketonuria caused due to ,
in born error of , also inherited as
, cause / lack of ( convert
As a result
Cause

A

Mutation in gene that codes for enzyme phenyl alanine hydrolyse ( single gene muta
Metabolism , autosomal recessive
Liver enzyme named phenyl alanine hydroxyliase enzyme,phenyl alanine Aa intotyrosin
Phenyl alanine accumulates and converts into phenyl pyruvic acid
phenyl pyruvic acid accumulation cause mental retardation

35
Q

Phenylalanine excreted through ,ex of
Also caus e
Thalassemia is also an , when both the parents are
Due to either ()

A

Urine because of its poor absorption of kidney , single gene mutation
Reduction in hair ,skin pigmentation
Autosomal linked recessive blood disease , unaffected carrier of the gene ( hetero
Mutation or deletion( alpha beta chain absence or reduced

36
Q

Thalassemia free globulin ,,,,( characteristic of this disease
Types 1, two gene namely means ,on chromo no of ,
Excess of ( adult, new born baby
Excess of beta chain form , concerned with deletion of

A

Chain accumulates inside RBC and damage the cell causing cellysis result in anemia
Alpha = HBA1, HBA2 4 allele , 16 each parent
Beta chain in adult (alpha 2,beta 2) or gamma in new born baby ( alpha 2 gamma 2
Unstable Tetramer , 16 p (short arm

37
Q

Beta thalassemia involve gene no ____ , chromo no , occurs during to mutation of
Excess formation
Delta thalassemia %
Thalassemia originated in

A

1 HBB ,11, 1 or both the gene
Of alpha chain which bind with RBC mem ( anemia ) and damage it
About 3 % adult have alpha and delta
Meditaerian region

38
Q

Difference b/w sca and thalassemia

A

SCA = qualitative problem synthesising an incorrectly functioning globulin
Thalassemia = quantitative problem synthesising too few globin molecules

Geneticsss (4 decks)

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