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Endocrine system > pituitary gland physiology > Flashcards

pituitary gland physiology Flashcards

1
Q

1. Name some gray matter nuclei in the hypothalamus.

A

NAME?

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2
Q
  1. Where is the hypothalamus situated in relation to the thalamus?
A

The hypothalamus is situated anterior and slightly inferior to the thalamus.

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3
Q
  1. Define the terms “nucleus” and “tract” in the context of the central nervous system.
A

NAME?

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4
Q
  1. What is the infundibulum, and what does it connect?
A

The infundibulum is the connection between the hypothalamus and the hypophysis (pituitary gland).

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5
Q
  1. Differentiate between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland.
A
  • Anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis): Made of glandular cuboidal epithelial tissue, originates from pharyngeal mucosa (Rathke’s pouch).<br></br>- Posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis): Made of neural tissue (pituicytes, glial cells), considered a part of the brain and not a separate type of endocrine gland.
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6
Q
  1. What is the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract?
A

It is a neural connection (tract) between the hypothalamus and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland).

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7
Q
  1. Describe the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system.
A

It is a portal system, a connection of two capillary beds by a portal vein, between the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland).

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8
Q
  1. What hormone does the supraoptic nucleus secrete?
A

The supraoptic nucleus secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin.

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9
Q
  1. How is ADH transported after its creation?
A

ADH is transported down the axons in synaptic vesicles by specific motor proteins.

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10
Q
  1. What stimuli are required for the release of ADH?
A

Specific stimuli for the release of ADH include:<br></br>- Decreased blood volume and blood pressure<br></br>- Increased plasma osmolality<br></br>- Pain

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11
Q
  1. Define osmolality and its relation to ADH secretion.
A

Osmolality refers to the concentration of solutes and water inside the plasma.<br></br>- High plasma osmolality: Decreased water, increased solutes<br></br>- Low plasma osmolality: Increased water, decreased solutes

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12
Q
  1. What inhibits the secretion of ADH?
A

Inhibitors of ADH secretion include:<br></br>- Increased blood volume<br></br>- Decreased plasma osmolality<br></br>- Alcoho

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13
Q
  1. What are the names of some osmoreceptors in the brain?
A

NAME?

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14
Q
  1. What is the function of osmoreceptors?
A

Osmoreceptors register plasma osmolality, and high osmolality stimulates these receptors.

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15
Q
  1. How many ParaVentrical Nuclei (PVN) are there?
A

There are two ParaVentrical Nuclei (PVN).

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16
Q
  1. What hormone does the Paraventricular Nucleus secrete?
A

The Paraventricular Nucleus secretes oxytocin.

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17
Q
  1. How is oxytocin transported after its creation?
A

Oxytocin is transported down the axons in synaptic vesicles by specific motor proteins.

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18
Q
  1. What stimuli are required for the release of oxytocin?
A

Oxytocin release is triggered by specific stimuli, including:<br></br>- Birthing process<br></br>- Suckling by the baby on the mother’s mammary glands (specific receptors in the areola)<br></br>- Male ejaculation

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19
Q
  1. Name some gray matter nuclei in the hypothalamus.
A

NAME?

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20
Q
  1. Where is the hypothalamus situated in relation to the thalamus?
A

The hypothalamus is situated anterior and slightly inferior to the thalamus.

How well did you know this?
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21
Q
  1. Define the terms “nucleus” and “tract” in the context of the central nervous system.
A

NAME?

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22
Q
  1. What is the infundibulum, and what does it connect?
A

The infundibulum is the connection between the hypothalamus and the hypophysis (pituitary gland).

23
Q
  1. Differentiate between the anterior and posterior pituitary gland.
A
  • Anterior pituitary gland (Adenohypophysis): Made of glandular cuboidal epithelial tissue, originates from pharyngeal mucosa (Rathke’s pouch).<br></br>- Posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis): Made of neural tissue (pituicytes, glial cells), considered a part of the brain and not a separate type of endocrine gland.
24
Q
  1. What is the hypothalamic hypophyseal tract?
A

It is a neural connection (tract) between the hypothalamus and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland).

25
Q
  1. Describe the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system.
A

It is a portal system, a connection of two capillary beds by a portal vein, between the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary gland).

26
Q
  1. How many ParaVentrical Nuclei (PVN) are there?
A

There are two ParaVentrical Nuclei (PVN).

27
Q
  1. What hormone does the Paraventricular Nucleus secrete?
A

The Paraventricular Nucleus secretes Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH).

28
Q
  1. Describe the pathway of CRH after its creation.
A
  • After its creation, CRH goes through the hypophyseal portal system to the secondary capillary plexus of the adenohypophysis.<br></br>- It stimulates specific cells called corticotropes.<br></br>- Corticotropes produce the specific protein Proopiomelanocortin (POMC).<br></br>- POMC is broken down into different fragments, including α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), among others.
29
Q
  1. What hormone does the Paraventricular Nucleus secrete?
A

The Paraventricular Nucleus secretes Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

30
Q
  1. Describe the pathway of TRH after its creation.
A

NAME?

31
Q
  1. What hormone does the Arcuate Nucleus secrete?
A

The Arcuate Nucleus secretes Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).

32
Q
  1. Describe the pathway of GHRH after its creation.
A
  • After its creation, GHRH goes through the hypophyseal portal system to the secondary capillary plexus of the adenohypophysis.<br></br>- It stimulates specific cells called somatotropes.<br></br>- Somatotropes produce the specific protein Growth Hormone (GH).
33
Q
  1. What hormone does the Arcuate Nucleus secrete?
A

The Arcuate Nucleus secretes Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) / Dopamine.

34
Q
  1. Describe the pathway of PIH/Dopamine after its creation.
A

NAME?

35
Q
  1. What hormone does the Preoptic Nucleus secrete?
A

The Preoptic Nucleus secretes Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

36
Q
  1. Describe the pathway of GnRH after its creation.
A
  • After its creation, GnRH goes through the hypophyseal portal system to the secondary capillary plexus of the adenohypophysis.<br></br>- It stimulates specific cells called gonadotropes.<br></br>- Gonadotropes produce specific proteins: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).<br></br>- FSH and LH are released in different amounts and at different times, regulated by the concentration of GnRH.
37
Q
  1. What are some secondary triggers for CRH release?
A

NAME?

38
Q
  1. What are some secondary triggers for TRH release?
A

NAME?

39
Q
  1. What are some secondary triggers for Prolactin release?
A

NAME?

40
Q
  1. What are some secondary triggers for GHRH release?
A

NAME?

41
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus-pituitary complex in the endocrine system?

A

The hypothalamus-pituitary complex acts as the ‘command center’ of the endocrine system, secreting hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues and regulating the synthesis and secretion of hormones in other glands.

42
Q

Which hormone is an exception to the usual activating pathway for release?

A

Prolactin is an exception and is under tonic inhibition by hypothalamic dopamine.

43
Q

In a non-pregnant woman, what inhibits prolactin secretion?

A

Prolactin secretion in a non-pregnant woman is inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), which is actually the neurotransmitter dopamine, released from neurons in the hypothalamus.

44
Q

When do prolactin levels rise in response to prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)?

A

Prolactin levels rise in response to prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) from the hypothalamus, but this occurs only in pregnancy.

45
Q

What regulates the secretion of PRH in prolactin secretion?

A

The secretion of PRH is regulated by a ‘short-loop’ negative feedback mechanism.

46
Q

Which receptor mediates the effects of prolactin (PRL)?

A

The effects of prolactin are mediated by the prolactin receptor.

47
Q

What are the usual pituitary blood tests performed?

A

Usual pituitary blood tests include TSH, fT4, LH, FSH, testosterone, GH (Growth Hormone), IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor-1), and PRL (Prolactin).

48
Q

What are stimulatory tests used for in endocrine testing?

A

Stimulatory tests are used to assess hormone deficiency and involve stimulation of hormone release.

49
Q

What is checked in the Synacthen test (synthetic ACTH)?

A

In the Synacthen test, cortisol is checked at 0, 30, and 60 minutes.

50
Q

What are the normal cortisol response values in the Synacthen test?

A

Normal cortisol response values in the Synacthen test include a rise by 150 and reaching 500.

51
Q

What does the insulin stress test or prolonged glucagon test assess?

A

The insulin stress test or prolonged glucagon test assesses cortisol and GH (Growth Hormone) responses every 30 minutes for 2-3 hours.

52
Q

What are the normal cortisol and GH response values in the insulin stress test?

A

Normal cortisol response is >500, and normal GH response is >7ug/l in the insulin stress test.

53
Q

What is assessed in the water deprivation test?

A

The water deprivation test assesses serum and urine osmolarities for 8 hours, and then 4 hours after giving IM DDAVP.

54
Q

What indicates normal results in the water deprivation test?

A

In the water deprivation test, a Urine/Serum osmolality ratio >1.9 indicates normal results; otherwise, it may suggest diabetes insipidus (DI).

Endocrine system (12 decks)

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