PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM Flashcards by Janine Demetrial

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Are used to describe connectivity between
different units in a controlled system.

Line symbols

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Pipe that carries chemical

Main process

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Main process with insulation

Insulated

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Pipe is wrapped by cloth or fiberglass wrap. Use as an alternative in painting to improve appearance of the pipe.

Lagged

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Pipe has jacket

Jacketed

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Process that supports the main process. It may include systems for cooling, heating, ventilation, or other ancillary functions

Minor process/utility

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Showing that the pipe has a writing that is wrap around to keep it heated

Trace-heated

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Shows direct physical connection between two components or equipment. This can be conveyor belt.

Mechanical link

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Symbolizes the transfer of electrical signals between instruments, control devices, or systems within the process plant

Instrument impulase

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Indicates equipment or components that are heated using electricity

Electrically heated

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Information sent from controller to pipe using electric signal

electrical impulse

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Information sent from control to pipe using gas

Pneumatic impulse

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____are short codes that convey further properties of
that line.

Line labels

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____ are used to describe the control devices involved in a process

Identification letters

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Linear motion valve used to start or stop flow of liquid. It uses a sliding gate that moves perpendicular to the flow direction to control flow

Gate valve

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It has a globe-shaped body with a movable plug or disk that seats against a stationary ring to control flow

Globe valve

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Is a quarter-turn valve used to control flow. It uses a spherical disc with a hole in the middle to control flow

Ball valve

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Is a quarter turn valve used to regulate flow. It uses disc mounted on a rotating shaft to control flow. When disc is parallel to the flow, the valve is fully open, when its perpendicular, the valve is closed.

Butterfly valve

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Linear motion valve used to regulate flow. It uses a flexible diaphragm to control flow by squeezing a flexible liner against the valve body

Diaphragm valve

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Type of check valve with a swinging disc that opens and closes with flow direction, allowing flow in one direction only

Swing-check valve

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One way valve used to prevent backflow. It allows liquid to flow in only direction, automatically closing to prevent reverse flow.

Check valve

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A needle valve is a type of globe valve with a long, tapered, needle-shaped stem used to precisely regulate flow.

Needle valve

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A valve with three ports used to control flow in multiple directions or divert flow between two different paths.

Three-way valve

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Type of globe valve with an angled body design, typically used in tight space or where a right-angle turn is needed in the piping system

Angle valve

safety valve designed to open automatically to relieve pressure in a system when it exceeds a predetermined level, protecting equipment and preventing over pressurization

Relief valve

Indicate the mechanism responsible for controlling the position or operation of a valve or other control element

Actuator

Valve is manually operated by hand, usually using a handwheel, level, or similar mechanism

Hand-operated valve

Valve is normally open but will automatically close upon failure of the actuation system

Actuated valve fail-close

Valve is normally close but will automatically open upon failure of the actuation system

Actuated valve fail-open

Valve is operated by an electric solenoid. When an electric signal is applied to the solenoid, it actuates the valve to open or close

Solenoid operated valve

Valve is operated by an electric motor. The motor provides the mechanical force to open or close the valve

Motor operated valve

Valve uses a spring mechanism to regulate downstream pressure

Pressure reducing valve-spring

Valve uses a pilot control system to regulate downstream pressure

Pressure reducing valve-pilot

Valve is operated by a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder.

Cylinder operated valve

Are instruments separate or detached from other instruments in a process

Discrete instruments

Share functions with other instruments

Shared display and shared control instruments

Instruments that are controlled by computers are under the _____

computer function

Instruments that compute, relay, or convert information from data gathered from other instruments are under _____

Programmable logic control

Is an instrument that functions by itself and doesn't depend on another instrument

Primary instrument

Is an instrument that is physically in the field, or the plant. Field mounted instruments are not accessible to an operator in a control room.

Field mounted instrument

Is an instrument that aids another primary or auxiliary instrument

Auxiliary instrument

_____ play an important role in P&IDs by allowing the control objectives to be accomplished in a process.

Transmitters

measures the physical variables (flow rates, temperature, pressure, composition, etc.)

sensor

performs the signal conversion

TRANSDUCER

SELECTION CRITERIA FOR SENSORS

1. Measurement Range or Span 2. Performance and Cost 3. Reliability 4. Materials of Construction 5. Prior Use 6. Invasive or Noninvasive 7. Potential for Releasing Process Materials to the Environment 8. Electrical Classification

measures the temperature of the object by direct contact between the sensor and the object being measured (assuming thermal equilibrium)

Contact Sensors

uses the Seebeck Effect. P or PID control mode. 1 degree to 2300 degrees Celcius.

Thermocouples

uses an electrical signal to measure the temperature and suitable for computerized systems. Very high accuracy and precision. Above 700 degrees Celcius, it is not practical to use this

RTD (Resistance Temperature Detectors)

type of RTD that operates between the exponential relationship of the temperature and electrical resistance

THERMISTOR

follows Callendar – Van Dusen Equation

TRADITIONAL RTD

temperature sensor that uses infrared or optical radiation

Noncontact Sensors

uses radiation or the amount of heat radiated by the body to measure the temperature

Pyrometers

pressure sensor where fluid is enclosed in a small compartment where one of the walls is elastic. The pressure is measured by virtue of the deflection of the elastic wall.

Elastic Sensor

employs the same mechanism as a elastic sensor but employing a electrical signal.

Electric Sensors

measures the level of fluid in a vessel

LEVEL SENSORS

Considerations for level sensor

1. You should know the amount of material that is available for processing. 2. You should know the amount of products in the storage. 3. You should know the operating condition.

simplest and possibly most reliable level sensor (human input, no automation)

Visual

Level sensor based on buoyancy forces

Float

Type of float sensor (chain or tape, lever or shaft, magnetic) (less dense than the fluid being measured) (on top, floating) (measured by change in position of the float)

Buoyancy

Type of level sensor which is denser than the fluid being measured does not move measured based on change in weight of the float

Static

Type of valve controlled level sensor which is spring type cannot be used in pressurized vessels use for water service)

Altitude

Type of valve controlled level sensor which is connected to dip tube that is submerged to the tank at atmospheric pressure only

Diverter

very good for use in corrosive chemicals very safe due to low voltage and current, easy to install

Electronic

Type of electronic level sensor which has low voltage and can be used for not corrosive liquid

Capacitance

Type of electronic level sensor which can be use for very corrosive liquid

Conductive

Level sensor based on the absorption or reflective ability of the material

Radiation

Uses ultrasonic waves, high functionality, cannot be used for high temp and varying moisture levels

Ultrasonic

Type of radiation level sensor can be used at high pressure and high temp

Microwave/Radar

Radiation level sensor which uses gamma rays used for toxic, carcinogenic or explosive chemicals

Nuclear

A type of differential flow sensor which has negligible friction between fluid & orifice plate It cant be used in multiphase fluid Use in steam, clean liquid and gases

Orifice square edge

Type of differential pressure flow sensor which can be used for low velocity, high viscosity fluid

Orifice conic edge

Flow sensor use if pipe cant be straight Insensitive to changes in velocity profile It is much more expensive

Venturi

Flow sensor that is easy to use since fluid flow is detected at one end Cant be use in large particles

Pitot tube

Flow sensor where abrasion can occur and pressure drop change It has high-reliability, low installation cost Can be us for clean gas, liquid, corrosive liquid

Turbine

Flow sensor use in partially filled pipe and open channel It needs to be calibrated since it is sensitive to changes

Ultrasonic

Flow sensor which uses soundwaves Use in suspended large particles since it bounce back Applicable in viscous, dirty, corrosive liquid >100 microns and > 100 ppm

Doppler

Flow sensor can be used in clean liquid, clean gas, viscous liquid, corrosive liquid Very cheap Easily broken, installation is vertical

Rotameter

Flow sensor where pressure drop can occur when obstruction is present Clean gas, dirty gas, clean liquid, corrosive liquid Use in ant pressure, temp, viscosity

Vortex

Flow sensor can be use in different fluid except clean & dirty gas Use at high pressure Insensitive to pressure, temp, viscosity

Coriolis

Ratio of max flowrate / min flowrate

Turndown ratio

Turndown ratio of orifice

3:1

Turndown ratio for turbine, rotameter, and venturi

10:1

Turndown ratio for ultrasonic

50:1

Turndown ratio for vortex, coriolis

80:1

Composition sensor that is use for continuous monitoring of analysis

On-line

Composition sensor that uses extraction technologies

Off-line