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POS Flashcards > Pink - Oncology > Flashcards

Pink - Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of tumor induced post-radiation

A

Leukemia

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2
Q

What is the most sensitive test for bone metastases

A

Radioactive Tc methylene-dy-pyrophosphate scan (MDPP)

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3
Q

Where does neuroblastoma arise from?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

What are the most common cancers in men?

A
  • Prostate
  • Lung
  • Colorectal
  • Bladder
  • NHL
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5
Q

What are the most common cancers in women?

A
  • Breast
  • Lung
  • Colorectal
  • Uterine
  • NHL
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6
Q

What cancers have the highest mortality?

A
  • Lung
  • Colorectal
  • Breast
  • Prostate
  • Pancreas
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7
Q

What cancers have the highest mortality in men?

A
  • Lung
  • Prostate
  • Colorectal
  • Pancreas
  • NHL
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8
Q

What cancers have the highest mortality in women?

A
  • Lung
  • Breast
  • Colorectal
  • Pancreas
  • Ovarian
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9
Q

What is Gompertzian growth?

A

Rate of exponential growth that is also simultaneously, exponentially decreasing with time

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10
Q

What can produce the systemic manifestations of malignant disease?

A
  • Ectopic hormones (SIADH)
  • Hormone-like peptides
  • Autoimmune phenomena
  • Tumor toxicity
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11
Q

What are the classifications of chemotherapy drugs?

A
  • Alkylating
  • Antimetabolites
  • Antitumor antibiotics
  • plant alkyloids
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12
Q

What are alkylating agents?

A
  • Chlorambucil
  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Ifosfamide
  • Melphalan
  • Thiotepa
  • Carboplatin
  • Cisplatin
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13
Q

How do alkylating agents work?

A
  • Produce alkylation through formation of intermediates: primary mode = cross link the DNA
  • Cell cycle specific but phase specific
  • Resistance related capacity of cells to repair damage and to inactivate the drugs by conjugation with glutathione
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14
Q

What are antimetabolites?

A
  • Cytarbine
  • Methotrexate
  • Mercaptopurine
  • Hydroxyurea
  • 5-FU
  • Fludarbine
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15
Q

How do antimetabolites works?

A
  • Interferes with building blocks of DNA synthesis
  • Major effect in S phase
  • Most effective when cell proliferation rapid
  • After a certain dose, no more cells are killed
  • :length of time exposed to drug is proportional to cell killing potential
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16
Q

What are antitumor antibiotics?

A
  • Bleomycin
  • Mitomycin C
  • Mithramycin
  • Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
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17
Q

How do anti tumour antibiotics work?

A
  • Variety of mechanisms
  • Cell cycle non-specific
  • Especially useful for slow growing tumour
18
Q

What are some plant alkyloids?

A
  • Vincristine
  • Vinblastine
  • Paclitaxel
  • Etoposide
19
Q

How do plant alkyloids work?

A

Either topoisomerase or mitotic spindle inhibitors

20
Q

What are the chemotherapeutic agents who primary dose limiting toxicity is not myelosuppresion?

A
  • Cisplatin
  • Bleomycin
  • Vincristine
  • Adriamycin/doxirubicin
  • Cyclophosphamide/Ifosfamide
21
Q

What is the dose limiting toxicity of cisplatin?

A
  • Cumulative renal insufficiency
  • Peripheral sensory neuropathy
  • Tinnitus
  • High frequency hearing loss
22
Q

What is the dose limiting toxicity of bleomycin?

A
  • Shaking
  • Chills
  • Febrile reactions
  • Pneumonitis
23
Q

What is the dose limiting toxicity of vincristine?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

24
Q

What is the dose limiting toxicity of doxirubicin?

A

Cardiomyopathy

25
Q

What is the dose limiting toxicity of cyclophosphamide?

A

Hemorrhagic cystitis

26
Q

How does radiation therapy target cancer cells?

A
  • G2 arrest = most common
  • G1 and S phase delay
  • Cells are most sensitive during early S and mitosis when DNA are maximally uncoiled
27
Q

How do the units of Gy, RAD, and J/kg relate?

A

Gy = 100 RAD = 1 J/kg tissue

28
Q

What are sensitizers of radiation?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Hypoxic cell sensitizers
  • DNA incorporating agents
  • Heat
  • Chemotherapeutics: hydroxyurea, 5-FU, platinum, gemcitabine
29
Q

When do early reactions to radiation therapy occur?

A
  • During or immediately following treatment

- May last for a few weeks?

30
Q

What factors are important in determining early reactions to RT?

A
  • Daily fraction size

- Time between factors

31
Q

What are the acute effects of RT on normal tissue?

A
  • Systemic: lethargy, fatigue
  • Skin: erythema, dry pruritus, moist desquamation, hair loss
  • Liver: radiation hepatitis
  • Oral mucous membranes: mucositis
  • Esophagus: esophagitis
  • Lung: radiation pneumonitis
  • Heart: acute pericarditis, myocarditis
  • Small bowel: cramping, diarrhea, N/V
  • Bladder: frequency, urgency, dysuria
  • Reproductive: sterility
  • Rectum: tenesmus
  • Hematopoietic: cytopenia
  • Nervous system: parenthesis, cerebral edema, conjunctivitis
  • MSK: cessation of epiphyseal growth
32
Q

What are dose-limiting effects of RT?

A
  • Necrosis
  • Fibrosis
  • Ulceration
33
Q

How do late reactions from RT result?

A
  • Vascular damage

- Accumulation of cell dropout from organ population

34
Q

When do late reactions from RT occur?

A
  • Months to years afterwards

- Often progressive

35
Q

What is the most common source of bone metastases?

A

Lung cancer

36
Q

What is the most common lung cancer histology?

A

Adenocarcinoma

37
Q

What is the most common intracranial neoplasm?

A

Astrocytoma = 60%

38
Q

How is astrocytoma treated?

A
  • Debulking resection

- Radiation

39
Q

What are the most common mediastinal masses?

A
  • Neurogenic tumor
  • Thymoma
  • All cysts combined
  • Lymphoma
  • Germ cell neoplasm
  • Cysts taken individually
40
Q

What type of tumour are most responsible for brain metastases?

A
  • Lung (35%)
  • Breast (25%)
  • Kidney (10%)
  • Testes (10%)
  • GI (10%)
  • Malignant melanoma (10%)
41
Q

What are the hyper vascular tumors?

A

CRIMP

  • Carcinoid
  • RCC
  • Insulinoma
  • Melanoma
  • Pheochromocytoma
42
Q

What are the most common cancers?

A
  • Lung
  • Breast
  • Colorectal
  • Prostate
  • NHL

POS Flashcards (7 decks)

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