Pilots Cafe Flashcards
When is an IR required?
-When acting as PIC under IFR or in IMC
-When flying in class A airspace
-When flying for hire at night or 50 NM from home airport
-When flying special VFR at night
Minimum Aeronautical experience for an IR
-50 hours XC PIC
-40 hours sim or actual IFR
-15 of those with a CFII
-XC 250 NM under IFR, an approach at every airport with at least 3 approach types
-3 hours instrument time in last 2 months
IFR currency
-Flight review in last 24 calendar months or a checkride
-3 takeoffs and landings in previous 90 days (for passengers)
-those are done at night if you want to fly passengers at night
-To fly IFR, within the last 6 months, you must complete 6 Approaches, holding, intercepting, and tracking of radials
What happens if you lose your instrument currency?
You have 6 months to regain your instrument currency by flying with a safety pilot and completing “6 HITS”
If you don’t regain your currency within that timeframe, you must complete an IPC with a CFII, a DPE or someone else approved to do it
How to you determine if you’re safe to fly?
IMSAFE
PAVE
How do you make decisions and mitigate risk in the cockpit?
DECIDE
Detect
estimate
consider
identify
do
evaluate
What documents do you need with you for you to fly?
Pilots License
Govt issued Id
Medical
What are the required aircraft documents to fly?
Supplemental type certificate
Placards
Airworthiness
Registration
Radio station license
Operating limitations
Weight and balance info
What maintenance needs to have been done on the aircraft
Annual
VOR- every 30 days if IFR
I 100 hour for commercial ops, annual can sub
AD’s
Transponder - 24 calendar months
E - 12 months, battery replaced after 1 hour or half life use
Static/pitot system - 24 calendar months
Passenger Preflight Briefing
SAFETY
Preflight Info required for IFR
NWKRAFT
How do you file an IFR flight plan
with ATC through tower or phone
Online 1800wxbrief.com
call 1-800-wxbrief
foreflight
How do you cancel an IFR flight plan
Tower does it automatically when landing at a towered airport
you can cancel any time in flight in VMC below FL180
Landing at an untowered airport, contact ATC or FSS
What are the minimum fuel requirements for flying IFR
Fuel to get to destination, then filed alternate (if alternate required) then 45 mins at cruise
How do you know if you need an alternate airport?
1-2-3 rule
between 1 hour before and 1 hour after your arrival time, weather must be at least 2000 ft ceilings and 3 sm VIS
What are the requirements to file an airport as your alternate?
8-2 6-2 rule
800 ft ceiling and 2 sm vis if airport has a non precision approach
600 ft ceiling and 2 sm vis if airport has a precision approach
must be able to descend from MEA while VFR and make an approach to land if there is no IAP
Can you have a GPS approach as your approach at an alternate airport?
If you’re non-waas, either your primary or alternate must have a non GPS approach, if you’re WAAS, they can both be GPS based but if you don’t have Baro-LNAV, flight plan must be filed on LNAV or circling minimums
what are IFR takeoff minimums?
Part 91 doesn’t have takeoff minimums, but for part 121 or 135, 1-2 engine aircraft require 1 sm vis and 3+ engine aircraft require 1/2 sm vis
some airports have nonstandard takeoff minimums
When do DP’s ensure obstacle clearance?
Aircraft crosses the departure end of the runway at at least 35 ft AGL
climbs at at least 200 fpnm
doesn’t turn until 400 ft agl
What are the different types of DP’s?
ODP - textual or graphical
SID - always graphical, simplifies ATC workload
Do you have to accept a DP?
no, state “No SID” in your remarks when filing
What is a Diverse Departure procedure
Airports with an IAP but no DP are surveyed to have no obstacles from 200 ft/nm up until minimum IFR altitudes, no turns are permitted until 400 ft agl
what is a VCOA?
Visual Climb Over Airport is essentially a climb directly over the airport until reaching the climb to altitude
What basic information is given on an IFR clearance?
Cleared to, either a fix or an airport
Route
Altitude
Frequency (Departure)
Transponder code
What information will be given in an IFR clearance specifically if given at a nontowered airport?
A clearance void time, if you do not depart, you must alert ATC within 30 mins after that time
What is a release time?
The earliest time an aircraft can takeoff when flying IFR
What is an EDCT?
Expect departure clearance time is given at some busy airports, you must be ready to depart within 5 minutes of either side of that time.
What is a standard terminal arrival route?
STARs serve as connectors between the enroute phase of flight to the approach phase, they have transition routes to allow for STARS to be started from multiple fixes that lead into the main route
What are the basic minimum IFR altitudes
minimum depicted along the route or 1000 ft above the highest obstacle within 4 NM of route in nonmountainous areas or 2000 ft in mountainous areas
Define “DA/H”
Decision altitude/Height, the altitude where you must decide whether or not to continue your approach on an approach with vertical guidance
Define “MAA”
Maximum allowed altitude
Define “MCA”
Minimum crossing altitude, minimum altitude an aircraft may cross a fix when flying in the direction of a higher MEA
Define “MDA/H”
Minimum descent altitude/height is the minimum altitude you can descend to on an approach without vertical guidance without identifying part of the runway environment
Define “MEA”
Minimum enroute altitude, the altitude between two fixes which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and obstacle clearance
Define “MOCA”
Minimum obstacle clearance altitude, provides obstacle clearance and VOR signal up to 22 nm from the VOR, you may descend below the MEA to the MOCA as long as signal coverage is acceptable
Define “MRA”
Minimum reception altitude is the lowest altitude along an airway where an intersection can be determined using radio navigational aidds
Define “MTA”
Minimum turning altitude, which gives vertical and lateral limits for turning over certain fixes, typically when going from one airway to another
Define “MVA”
Minimum vectoring altitude is the lowest altitude that you can be vectored outside of approaches and departure procedures, these can be below MEA’s or MOCA’s
Define “OROCA”
Off route obstacle clearance altitude is the altitude required to maintain 1000 ft obstacle clearance in nonmountainous areas and 2000 ft mountainous
What is a cruise clearance?
A cruise clearance is a clearance in a block of altitude between the minimum altitude (MEA, MOCA) and the specified altitude, once you begin descending from an altitude in your block, you cannot go back to that altitude. It also allows you to start an approach without hearing “cleared approach”
How does your attitude indicator work?
Rather than having a standard vacuum driven attitude indicator, our aircraft has a garmin g5, it gets its attitude information using the same gyroscopes as a standard attitude indicator and still operates on the concept of rigidity in space, but it’s electrically driven, with a battery life of 4 hours.
What errors can your attitude indicator have?
Attitude indicators are susceptible to the same somatogravic illusions that humans are. It can detect a pitch up during an acceleration or a pitch down during deceleration
How does you heading indicator work?
We have a g5 instead of the standard vacuum driven heading indicator, the g5 acts as an HSI, which gives heading information, and can also be used to track VOR or GPS radials. The HSI is slaved to the compass, so we don’t have to adjust it for precession like we would with a HI
How does the turn coordinator work?
The turn coordinator senses rate of turn, the dashes below wings level on either side indicate a standard rate turn (3 deg/sec) The ball portion of the instrument indicates whether or not your turn is coordinated
How does the altimeter work?
A set of sealed aneroid wafers expand and contract as outside pressure around them changes. Mechanical linkages between the wafers and the gauges allow the dial to spin to correctly indicate the altitude. You can adjust the pressure for the local altimeter setting using the Coleman window.
What are the different types of altitudes?
Indicated- what the dial says
Absolute- AGL
True- MSL
pressure- what the dial says at 29.92
density- performance calculations (pressure corrected for nonstandard temp)
How does the VSI work?
The VSI is connected to a diaphragm with a calibrated leak that connects it to the outside air. As air pressure changes, there is a differential between the pressure inside the diaphragm and outside because the air can only leak out at a certain speed. The VSI uses the pressure differential to determine how fast the pressure is changing, and therefore how fast you are climbing or descending.
How does the airspeed indicator work?
The airspeed indicator measures the difference in Ram air pressure being delivered directly into the pitot tube and the static air pressure to determine airspeed
What are the different types of airspeed?
Indicated Airspeed (IAS)- what the dial says
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)- IAS corrected for nonstandard position and instrument error
Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)- CAS corrected for compressibility error
True Airspeed (TAS)- EAS corrected for nonstandard temperature and pressure
Groundspeed (GS)- speed over the ground, TAS corrected for wind
Va (max gross weight)
97 KIAS
Vne
160 KIAS
Vno
128 KIAS
Vfe
85 KIAS
Vs0
41 KIAS
Vs1
47 KIAS
Vx
60 KIAS
Vy
73 KIAS
How will your instruments be affected if the static port is blocked?
The airspeed indicator will only give accurate readings at the altitude of the blockage and will indicate fast at lower altitudes and slow at higher altitudes
The altimeter will freeze at the altitude it was at during the blockage
The VSI will show 0
How will your instruments indicate differently if you use the alternate static port?
Airspeed will indicate fast
The altimeter will indicate high
VSI will show a momentary climb
What happens if your pitot tube clogs?
If just the RAM inlet freezes, airspeed will indicate 0
If the static release valve also freezes, it will operate as an altimeter
What is your instrument check before takeoff
While turning:
Compass is swinging correct direction
Attitude indicator is wings level or less than 5 degrees bank
Heading indicator is swinging in the right direction
Turn coordinator shows the wing down in the direction of the turn
the ball should swing away from the direction of the turn
Compass errors
UNOS
ANDS
Requirements for DAY VFR flight (91.205)
Airspeed indicator
Tachometer
Oil pressure gauge
Manifold pressure gauge (Constant speed prop)
Altimeter
Temperature gauge (liquid-cooled engines)
Oil temperature gauge
Fuel gauges
Landing gear position lights
Anti-collision lights (planes after 1996)
Magnetic compass
ELT
Safety belts
VFR Night requirements (91.205)
ATOMATOFLAMES +
Fuses (circuit breakers)
Landing light
Anti collision lights
Position lights (nav lights)
Source of power (battery)
For hire over water beyond power off gliding distance requirements
Pyrotechnic signaling device (flare gun)
floatation devices
Requirements for flying at or above FL240
DME or RNAV, if using VOR for navigation
IFR Day requirements
ATOMATOFLAMES +
Generator or alternator
Radio (2 way)
attitude indicator
Ball (slip skid indicator)
Clock
Altimeter (with a Coleman window)
Directional gyro (heading indicator)
IFR night requirements
ATOMATOFLAMES + FLAPS + GRABCARD
If an aircraft has an MEL, how do you know if you can fly it with inop equipment?
Refer to the MEL
If an aircraft doesn’t have an MEL, how do you know if you can fly with inop equipment?
Check the equipment list, 91.205, and AD’s, if any of those require the inop equipment, you need a special flight permit (ferry permit). Otherwise, you may fly it if the equipment is disabled and labeled inop
What is the VOR frequency band?
108.0-117.95
What is a full-scale VOR deflection?
10 deg
What is the VOR MON?
The minium operation network is a plan to maintain VOR’s so that an airport with a VOR approach is available within 100 NM of anywhere in the CONUS
Different VOR receiver tests and tolerances
VOR ground checkpoint - 4 deg
VOT - 4 deg
repair station - 4 deg
VOR airborne checkpoint - 6 deg
Dual Vor check - 4 deg
prominant landmark above an airway at least 20 NM from station - 6 deg
What goes in the log when you record a VOR check
Date
Error
place
Signature
What are a VOR stations limitations?
Requires line of sight to aircraft
cone of confusion
reverse sensing if tuned backwards
What is a full scale deflection on a localizer?
2.5 deg to either side
What is a full scale deflection on a glide slope?
.7 deg to either side