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Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the sow’s oestrus cycle?

A

18-22 days, mean of 21 days

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2
Q

Sows are seasonally polyoestrus. T/F

A

FALSE- they are NON-SEASONALLY POLYOESTRUS

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3
Q

Are sows induced or spontaneous ovulators?

A

Spontaneous

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4
Q

How many follicular waves do they have?

A

1!

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5
Q

How long does proestrus last for?

A

4-6 days

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6
Q

How long does oestrus last for?

A

1-4 days (although shorter, more like 24-48 hrs, in gilts)

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7
Q

How long does it take for the sow to spontaneously ovulate following the onset of oestrus?

A

36-44 hours

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8
Q

How long does the LH surge last for?

A

10 h, it may occur before, during or after onset of oestrus behaviour

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9
Q

70% of the way through the oestrus period, ovulation occurs. How long does this last for?

A

1-3 hours

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10
Q

How many hours after the LH surge does ovulation occur?

A

30-35 hours

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11
Q

How many mature follicles are on each ovary at the onset of oestrus?

A

10-15

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12
Q

How long does the luteal phase last?

A

15-16 days

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13
Q

What is PGF2alpha not commonly used in pigs?

A

The CL is only responsive to PGF2alpha from 12 days, and luteolysis generally occurs naturally at day 13-15.

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14
Q

What are 5 behavioural signs of oestrus?

A
  1. Vocalisation
  2. Fence walking
  3. Mounting other females or boar-seeking behaviour
  4. Kyphosis (rounding of the back)
  5. Standing heat
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15
Q

What are 3 physical signs of oestrus?

A

1.Swelling and reddening of vulva
2. Cervix becomes rigid and uterine horns are tightly coiled
3. Mucous vulval discharge

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16
Q

What is standing heat?

A

Following mounting by a boar or application of pressure on lower back the sow/gilt will stand “locked-up” with erect ears. They will be immobilised for like 20 mins when being mounted. Immobility reflex when in oestrus. Used for heat detection!

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17
Q

When do gilts reach puberty?

A

150-220 days

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18
Q

What are 5 factors that affect the onset of puberty?

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Body weight (80-120kg)
  3. Season-> delayed with summer months
  4. Confinement
  5. Boar exposure
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19
Q

What are 2 benefits of earlier puberty?

A
  1. Improves predictability of breeding dates
  2. Select for gilts of higher fertility
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20
Q

What are 3 issues that arise when gilts are bred too early?

A
  1. Crash after 1st lactation
  2. Immature repro organs
  3. < litter size
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21
Q

What is the optimal growth rate for gilts?

A

600-770 g/day

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22
Q

Breeding gilts at puberty to DiDi boars improves farrowing rates and the number of PBA. Why?

A

Seminal plasma changes the architecture of the uterus, setting the pig up for a more successful subsequent pregnancy

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23
Q

What are the 4 methods used to induce earlier puberty?

A
  1. Boar Effect
  2. Stocking density/housing
  3. Exogenous hormones
  4. Stress
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24
Q

Gilts housed in small groups, esp like 2-3 gilts, have delayed puberty. T/F

A

TRUE- bigger groups of gilts leads to earlier/normal puberty

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25
Q

What are the components of PG 600 used as an exogenous hormone to induce earlier puberty?

A

400 units of eCG (FSH like) and 200 units of hCG (LH like)

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26
Q

How long after treatemtn with PG 600 will gilts show oestrus?

A

4-10 days, average 7

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27
Q

PG 600 will not cause oestrus in gilts and sows that are already cycling. T/F

A

TRUE- so if the response is <70%, it’s likely they’re already cycling and you’re just not picking it up properly

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28
Q

Short term stress can advance age at puberty. What are some examples of stressors?

A
  • Mixing gilts from different pens
  • Chaning pens
  • Transporting gilts in a truck (often this is coupled w/ the boar effect, e.g. transporting them to see a boar)
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29
Q

What are 3 breeding methods that can be used?

A
  1. Pen-mating
  2. Hand-mating
  3. AI
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30
Q

What is the advantage of pen mating?

A

Less labour intensive

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31
Q

How often should you rotate boars (i.e. put a new boar in) for continuous farrowing?

A

8-24 hours

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32
Q

What are some disadvantages of pen-mating?

A
  • Less precise
  • Difficult to identify bred females
  • Can’t identify sire of offspring
  • Can’t observe mating behaviour
  • Masks boars with poor libido or mating ability
  • In large groups, some sows may not get bred (i.e. less dominant sows may not be bred)
  • Can’t determine when parturition will occur
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33
Q

Can you use frozen semen in pigs?

A

NO! It is unsuccessful- chilled only

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34
Q

What should the boar:sow ratio be for AI?

A

1:150-250

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35
Q

When and how often is AI performed after first detection of oestrus?

A
  • 12-24 hours after first detection, and repeated each day until not in oestrus
  • Aim to mate 24 hrs before and 4 hours post ovulation for high CRs
36
Q

How long after ovulation is the oocyte viable for?

A

4-6 hours

37
Q

How many times in a week can a boar be collected/mount females?

A

Twice

38
Q

What are the 3 golden rules for AI?

A
  1. AI at the right time
  2. Use enough sperm
  3. Clean
39
Q

What dose of semen is needed for CAI?

A

1.5-4 x 10^9 spd, 70-100mL

40
Q

What dose of semen is needed for PCAI?

A

0.15-1 x 10^ 9 spd, usually a similar vol to CAI, although needs a min of 50 mL

41
Q

WHat is the gestation length of sows?

A

114 +/- 2 days

42
Q

When do the embryos enter the uterus?

A

48-60 hours post ovulation at the 4-8 cell stage

43
Q

How many days post ovulation does MRP occur?

A

11-12

44
Q

To initiate MRP, how many conceptus do you need in each horn?

A

2! And they must be mobile

45
Q

How does E2 secretion prevent luteal regression?

A

PGF2alpha is produced in significant quantities but E2 causes it to be re-routed, into the lumen of the uterus instead of into the submucosal capillaries. This means is has little access to circulation and can’t cause luteolysis

46
Q

What type of placenta do pigs have?

A

Diffuse, epitheliochorial
- AT the extremities of the fetal membranes the allantois does not extend to the end of the chorion= no blood supply= necrosis -> necrotic tips (these areas are avillus)

47
Q

How do we diagnose pregnancy in pigs?

A

MOst return to oestrus if empty, so record those with no return to oesrus 18-25 days post service, then follow up w/ US
1. rectal palpation- from day 27
2. Doppler US from 29-34 days
2. Real-time (B-mode) US-> > 16 days transrectal. Can also do transcutaneous

48
Q

How long does stage 1 of parturition last?

A

2-12 hours

49
Q

How long does it take for the first piglet to be delivered?

A

First is usually out in 15-20 mins.

50
Q

What is the interpiglet interval?

A

Around 10-15 mins. > 15 min increases risk of still birth

51
Q

WHat is the normal position for a piglet to be born in?

A

Both cranial and caudal presentation normal, although 65% are cranial

52
Q

Dystocia is rare in pigs. T/F

A

TRUE- uterine inertia is more common

53
Q

How long does stage 3 of parturition usually take in pigs?

A

20 mins- 12 hours
Allantochorion may be expelled between piglets or all at the end of parturition. Piglets are born in amnion. RFM rare!

54
Q

If failure to conceive is occurring, will the returns to oestrus be regular of irregular?

A

Regular- they aren’t pregnant so will continue to cycle. They are irregular in pregnancy failure because they were pregnancy, and return to oestrus depends on when they lost the pregnancy.

55
Q

Why would we induce farrowing?

A
  1. Allows for better supervision of piglet delivery
  2. Facilitates colostrum management
  3. Uniform post weaning oestrus
  4. Avoid weekend and holidays
  5. Naturally 65% farrow at night-> want to farrow when personnel there
56
Q

When would we induce farrowing?

A

NOT before > 2 days prior to due date. Before 112 days= small piglets and < surivival
And NOT after 166 days, just because there’s not much point, they’re about to do it naturally anyway.

57
Q

How do we induce farrowing?

A
  1. PGF2alpha IM
  2. Intra-vulvular and perivulvular PGF2alpha (1/2 he dose of IM)
  3. Split PGF2alpha administration- split dose 6 h apart. Increases farrowing synchronisation for the next working day
  4. PGF2alpha and oxytocin-> THIS WE DON’T USE UNLESS WE HAVE TO. Oxytocin 6 or 24 hrs post PGF2alpha administration-> this has increasd % of stillborns
58
Q

Piglets don’t have a lot of brown fat, so if environment is insufficient they will not cope. What temp should the environment be?

A

34-35 C

59
Q

How long are sows lactating for?

A

14-28 days

60
Q

What is the expected WEI?

A

4-5 days. A WEI < 6 days allows >90% to be bred by 6 days

61
Q

Removing piglets initiates cyclicity. How long after weaning is heat detection done?

A

4-6 days

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of PORCINE PARVOVIRUS?

A

SMEDI= Stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility.
Stairstep abortion

63
Q

How is porcine parvovirus transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral route
Also from boar during copulation

64
Q

Fetal infection with porcine parvovirus at less than 30 days gestation leads to what?

A

Embryonic death. Can also manifest as infertility or decreased litter size

65
Q

Fetal infection with porcine parvovirus at 30-70 days gestation leads to what?

A

Mummification

66
Q

What are some clinical signs of zoonotic leptospirosis?

A

Anything from failure to conceive all the way up to abortions. Non-specific lesions.

67
Q

What are 6 non-infectious causes of abortion?

A
  • Season- late summer abnd early autumn
  • Nutrition- MYCOTOXINS- most common cause if you have an abortion outbreak
  • Environment
  • Management
  • Congenital abnormalities
  • Systemic disease- inflammation can interfere w/ fetal development and cause abortion
68
Q

What type of penis do boars have?

A

Fibroelastic, w/ a left corkscrew twist

69
Q

How long does speratogenesis in boars?

A

39 days
8.3 day cycle, 9-14 days epididymal transit time, 48-52 days/6-7 weeks total. So if there’s an issue this is how long you should wait before trying again

70
Q

What is duration of copulation?

A

5-20 mins, w/ approx 30 mil sperm per ejaculate, w/ a vol of 200-250 ml (sometimes up to 500ml)

71
Q

Where is the semen deposited?

A

In the cervix and uterus- the penis only engages the first 1-2 rings of the cervix, and the ejaculation pressure (and gel fraction) pushes it the rest of the way

72
Q

What accessory glands are responsible for the pre sperm fraction of ejaculate?

A

Seminal vesicles and prostate

73
Q

What accessory sex glands are responsbile for the gel/sperm poor fraction of the ejaculate?

A

Bulbourethral glands- this forms a plug and helps to prevent retrograde loss of sperm

74
Q

What are the 4 collection techniques?

A
  1. Gloved hand method
  2. Double glove technique
  3. Artificial vagina
  4. Electroejaculation
75
Q

What shape are boar spermatozoa?

A

Spatula-shaped, aiming for <25% morphological abnormalities, and <15% proximal and distal cytoplasmic droplets

76
Q

How long can chilled semen be stored for?

A

Approx 5 days

77
Q

What is the approx dosage of semen needed per day chilled semen is stored? i.e. because the longer it is stored the bigger dose you need?

A

1 x 10 ^9
I.e. semen stored for 3 days needs a 3 x 10^9 dose

78
Q

What is heterozygous insemination?

A

This is when we pool the semen from multiple boars to increase litter size and farrowing rates. The most fertile boar will sire the most pigs, and we can identify using phenotype, e.g. coat colour, ear shape, although this isn’t super accurate. To be accurate you would need to do expensive genetic tests

79
Q

What does heat stress do to boar sperm?

A

It causes decreased motility, increased morphological abnormalities and decreased concentrations.

80
Q

What is the zoonotic, notifiable disease known for causing infectious infertility in boars?

A

Brucella suis- this is endemic in feral pigs

81
Q

How is brucella suis transmitted?

A

Venereal or oral

82
Q

What does early infection w. brucella suis cause?

A

Abortion at 5-8 weeks

83
Q

What does later infection w. brucella suis cause?

A

Mummies/stillbirths/weak pigs

84
Q

What are the clinical signs of brucella suis?

A

Copious bloody vulal discharge/endometritis/RFM in females, and orchitis by 7 weeks and testicular atrophy (initial testicular inflammation followed by atrophy) by 19 weeks in males.

85
Q

How do we control brucella suis?

A

There is no real treatment, we control by depopulating feral pigs

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