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Dogs and cats Flashcards

1
Q

When do dogs hit puberty?

A

6-24 months- later in larger breeds

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2
Q

When do cats hit puberty?

A

4-12 months, at 2.3-2.5 kg. The photoperiod is important- indoor cats non seasonal vs outdoor cats

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3
Q

What is the interoestrus period in dogs?

A

This includes both DIoestrus and ANoestrus- the period between successive oestrus periods.

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4
Q

How long does prooestrus last in dogs?

A

av. 9 days

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5
Q

What happens to the vaginal mucosa during proestrus?

A

It becomes oedematous and the epithelium becomes increasingly cornified. On cytology there is presence of parabasal cells and small intermediate cells. The small intermediate cells increase to large intermediate cells in late proestrus.

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6
Q

How long does oestrus last in dogs?

A

av. 9 days

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7
Q

What happens to the vaginal mucosa during oestrus?

A

The epithelium is completely cornified. The vaginal folds shrink and become angulated-> “crenulation”. On cytology more than 90% are superficial/cornified cells. There may be clumping/sheeting of cornified cells.

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8
Q

What happens to P4 and E2 levels during canine oestrus?

A

E2 drops and P4 is increasing

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9
Q

How long does dioestrus last?

A

Approx 60 days. In this period she is either pregnant or pseudopregnant.

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10
Q

Why is there no vulval discharge during dioestrus?

A

Cause we have a closed cervix, and also cause E2 is gone so there’s less effects of that

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11
Q

What does the vaginal mucosa look like in dioestrus?

A

Flattened or smooth. The epithelium is completely sloughed. On cytology there is return of parabasal and small intermediate cells, and some neutrophils.

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12
Q

By the end of proestrus, how many layers does the epithelium have, and what has stimulated this?

A

20-30. And this is stimulated by E2, which stimulates growth of epithelium. When P4 is dominant the cells are sloughed. Changes in the cell population can be useful to help determine stage of cycle- not always helpful w/ exact timing.

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13
Q

When does P4 increase?

A

2-3 days prior to ovulation

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14
Q

What are the normal P4 levels in anoestrus and early proestrus?

A

< 3.18nmol/L, often < 0.6nmol/L.

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15
Q

What does the LH surge do to P4 levels?

A

It results in a rapid increase to more than 3.18nmol/L

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16
Q

When does P4 peak?

A

Approx 10-15 days post ovulation, when oocytes are mature and ready for fertilisation. Tends to peak at approx 31- 107 nmol/L

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17
Q

What concentration of P4 indicates that the LH surge has already occurred?

A

Between 6-7 nmol/L

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18
Q

What is the canine oocyte ovulated as?

A

A primary oocyte

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19
Q

What is the feline oocyte ovulated as?

A

A secondary oocyte

20
Q

What is the life of a secondary oocyte?

A

4-5 days

21
Q

How long is sperm viable for in the canine female repro tract?

A

> 10 days

22
Q

How long does maturation of the oocyte take?

A

48-72 hours- after this it becomes fertile. This is important cause after this it starts to degenerate.

23
Q

How often should natural mating occur in the bitch?

A

EOD from day 3 of oestrus until day 1 of dioestrus

24
Q

When can we US for canine preg diagnosis?

A

From 21 days, commonly 30 days. Can see fetal HB from 25 days post LH surge and fetal skeletons from 39 days post LH surge. This method is difficult to count litter size.

25
Q

When do we use radiography for canine preg diagnosis?

A
  • > 45 days post LH surge. It’s better if we do it even later than this- between 5-7 days before due date. At this point you can see as much of the fetuses as possible, allows you to determine litter size and size of fetal skull in relation to maternal pelvis.
26
Q

When do we use radiography for feline preg diagnosis?

A

38-40 days post breeding. Can see fetal skeleton at this point.

27
Q

When do we use US for feline preg diagnosis?

A

> 16 days post breeding. Can first detect 11-15 days, and can detect HB 22-24 days.

28
Q

When can you palpate fetuses in the abdomen?

A

17-25 days. They feel like discrete, firm, spherical masses- feel like big marbles

29
Q

What type of placentation do cats have?

A

Endotheliochorial, zonary, deciduate. Maternal haematoma formation in the pigmented zone.

30
Q

What colour is the canine pgimented zone?

A

Green- this is because of phagocytosis of red blood cells, and heme from maternal blood converted into billiverdin.

31
Q
A
32
Q

What happens to P4 24-48 hours prior to parturition?

A

There is a sharp decline- to less than 2ng/mL

33
Q

What placental, pregnancy-specific hormone do bitches produce?

A

Relaxin

34
Q

When do relaxin levels increase?

A

> 25 days post ovulation. It is also detectable after whelping up to 30 days

35
Q

Fetal deaths can also be detected on radiography in dogs. What do you see?

A

Gas pockets and mummification

36
Q

How do we predict parturition in dogs?

A
  • Decrease in rectal temp > 1.2 C
  • P4-> sudden drop to less than 6nmol/L within 24 hours of whelping- need to test daily! This is because of luteolysis
  • Diagnostic imaging-> radiography and US
37
Q

How long does stage 1 of parturition last in dogs?

A

6-12 hours

38
Q

How often should pups be delivered during stage 2?

A

Every 15-60 minutes. There should be 30-60 minutes between each pup

39
Q

What is lochia in dogs?

A

Uteroverdin discharged following separation of fetal membranes

40
Q

Are stages 2 and 3 discrete in the dog?

A

NO- these stages overlap- usually the membranes come out 5-15 minutes after each pup.

41
Q

What is the normal position for pups?

A

Cranial and caudal positioning both normal

42
Q

What is the average duration of stage 2/3 in dogs?

A

av. 4-8 hours- varies because of litter size, which depends on breed. Can be up to 24 hours for primiparous (everything is slower for these cause effects of relaxin etc not as pronounced as those in multiparous bitches) or large litters

43
Q

What does canine postpartum vulval discharge look like?

A
  • Red/watery for 3 days
  • Mucoid for up to 3 weeks
44
Q

What produces relaxin in the cat?

A

Feto-placental unit, rises at about 25 days

45
Q

What should the fetal HR be in the canine?

A

180-245 bpm. Outside of this range indicates fetal stress- useful to measure during dystocia. Particularly HRs <180 bpm is worrying.

46
Q

What is the most common caus of dystocia in dogs and cats?

A

Uterine inertia

47
Q

How are most dystocias treated?

A

60% of dystocias are treated surgically

Reproduction (10 decks)

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