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BVSc2 AM2 > Pigs > Flashcards

Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

What country is the largest pig consumer/producer?

A

China

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2
Q

How much pig does UK consume compared to produce?

A

54%

net importer

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3
Q

How many pigs are in the UK?

A

4 million

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4
Q

How much of the pig industry is outdoor?

A

40

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5
Q

How many pigs are breeding pigs in the UK?

A

10%

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6
Q

What is the weight of finishers?

A

50-120kg

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7
Q

What is the weight of weaners?

A

7-10kg

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8
Q

What is hte weight of growers?

A

20-40kg

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9
Q

What is the age of the sow at first litter?

A

12 months

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10
Q

What is a typical litter size?

A

11-13 live births

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11
Q

What is the typical birthweight?

A

1-2kg

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12
Q

What is the preweaning mortality?

A

12%

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13
Q

WHat is the mean weaning age?

A

27 days

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14
Q

What is the mean weaning weight?

A

7 kg

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15
Q

How many litters do pigs ave in a year?

A

2.2-2.5

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16
Q

What is the live weight ?

A

Weight of animal at slaughter

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17
Q

WHat is the carcass weight/

A

weight of animal at end of slaughter line

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18
Q

WHat is the killing out percentage?

A

carcass weight as a proportion to live weight

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19
Q

What are commercial breeds used for?

A

Crossing with primitive breeds at the multiplier and production stage

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20
Q

What are the two main commercial pig breeds?

A

Landrace

Large white

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21
Q

What are the main features of landrace breed?

A

Versatile - indoors nad outdoors
large litters
high lean meat content - pork or bacon

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22
Q

What are the main characteristics of the large white?

A

Hardy - outdoors

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23
Q

What pig breed is black or has white socks/blaze and prick ears?

A

Berkshire

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of berkshire pigs?

A

High in intramuscular fat - flavour

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25
Q

What pig breed is small, red coated with the longest snout?

A

Tamworth

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26
Q

What are the features of Tamworths?

A

Hardy
resistant to sunburn
good mothering

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27
Q

What pig is wrinkly with droopy ears from china?

A

Meishan

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of Meishan pigs?

A

Large litters - 15-25 piglets

Early puberty

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29
Q

What pig breed is often kept as pets and are short and round?

A

Kunekune

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30
Q

What pig breed is RED?

A

Duroc

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of duroc pigs?

A

Good mothering, docile - outdoor

Marbling of muscle

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32
Q

What pig breed is black and white?

A

Gloucester old spot

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of gloucester old spots?

A

Placid
Oldest breed
Large litters, high milk production

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34
Q

What age do boars start mating?

A

7-8 months

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35
Q

What is a gilt?

A

Female pig under 1 year old

36
Q

How many teats should a gilt have?

A

12 minimum

good if 14

37
Q

What is the gestation of a pig?

A

115 days

38
Q

What are the signs of th3 pre farrowing period?

A

development of mammary glands
swelling of the vulva
reduced appetite
restlessness

39
Q

How long is the prefarrowing period?

A

10-14 day before birth

40
Q

When does milk start to be secreted?

A

12 hours before birth

41
Q

How long is farrowing?

A

3-8hrs

born every 20 mins

42
Q

When is the placenta delivered?

A

1-4 hrs after

43
Q

How much colostrum should pigs have?

A

150-280g per Kg

44
Q

When should a piglet have colostrum by?

A

6 hours

45
Q

How much should piglets weigh at 4 weeks old?

A

7kg

46
Q

What supplements do piglets need?

A

Iron

47
Q

What procedures are done on piglets?

A

Needle teeth clipping

tail docking

48
Q

What age must mutilations be done by?

A

under 7 days old

otherwise anaesthetic needed

49
Q

What are the 5 freedoms?

A 
Suitable environment
Suitable diet
Able to exhibit normal behaviour
Housed with/without other animals
Protection from suffering
50
Q

What temp should sows be kept at?

A

15-20 degrees

51
Q

How are growth rates temp dependent?

A

Below lower critical temp

lose weight

52
Q

How much feeder space do pigs need?

A

1.1 x shoulder width x number of pigs

53
Q

What do pigs eat?

A

70% cereal - barley
protein - soya
synthetic lysine

54
Q

What is creep feeding?

A

feeding before weaning at 3 weeks

55
Q

How are weaners fed?

A

Ad libitum until 20-25kg in weight/8-10 weeks

56
Q

What are the 7 key requirements under welfare regs?

A 
Inspection once a day
no tethering
Enough room to move
suitable nesting material a week before farrowing
group housing
Suitable quantity of high fibre food
weaned at 28 days
57
Q

What causes bad ventilation?

A

Dust build up on extractor fans

58
Q

What is phase feeding ?

A

Changing diets over short period of time as they grow

minimises over/underfeeding

59
Q

How are growers fed?

A

High levels of lysine, protein content, energy for fast lean growth

60
Q

How are finishers fed?

A

max of 28-34MJ of energy per day

protein 14%

61
Q

What is important about dry sow diet?

A

If fed too much during pregnancy, then they reduce intake during lactation so low milk production

62
Q

What are dry sows fed?

A

2-2.5kg of grain based feed

63
Q

How are lactating sows fed?

A

Ad libitum

Eat less if fat

64
Q

What is outdoor pig production used for?

A

Sows, farrowing and rearing of young piglets

not reared to slaughter/finished outside

65
Q

Problems with outdoor pig production?

A 
Winter - higher pig mortality and not POTZ
predators
sunburn
churn up ground
poorer weight gain
higher feed cost
66
Q

Advantages of outdoor pig production?

A

Part of crop rotation
Iron injections not needed
straw from individual arcs can be burnt
teeth clipping not required - chew twigs

67
Q

How many pigs should be oudooors?

A

25 sows per hectare

68
Q

What does overstocking cause?

A

Waterlogging and poaching of soil

69
Q

What breeds are used in outdoor production?

A

More hardy, better mothering ability, dark breeds

70
Q

What is normal wild boar behavour?

A 
Small social groups 
matriarchical
Males join during breeding season
nocturnal
8 hrs foraging
build nest 1-2 days before farrowing
4-6 piglets
isolate before farrowing
Leave nest for increasing periods of time
71
Q

What are the main welfare issues with sows?

A

Feeding restricted during gestation
Agression
Crushing of piglets
Farrowing crates

72
Q

What are the avantages of farrowing crates?

A

Less crushing

Easier access for stockperson

73
Q

What are issues with crates?

A

Cant move - sores, infection, weaker bones
Cant nest build or get away - normal behaviour, 5 freedoms
Higher cortisol, more stillbirths
Lie on udders to stop piglets getting to teats

74
Q

What are the advantages of get away pens?

A

Quicker return to oestrus
less weight loss during lactation
Piglets eat solid food so better prepared for weaning

75
Q

What is the disadvantage of get away pens?

A

More crushing

76
Q

What are the 4 ways of understanding behaviour as part of an animals biology?

A

Mechanism - how does it work
Function - what is it for
Evolution
Development

77
Q

What is the proximate explanation?

A

Development and mechanism of behaviour

HOW is it achieved in an individual

78
Q

What is the ultimate explaination?

A

Function and evolutionary history

What is it for and WHY?

79
Q

What is normal cow behavior?

A 
Herds
Bulls normally separate unless big groups
Varying ages
Dominant subordinate relationships
agressive with unfamiliar cows
Affiliative behaviours
80
Q

What is normal sheep behaviour?

A 
Herbivorous
Small groups
Daughters stay with mothers
Isolate at partuition
Follow leader
Rarely agonistic
81
Q

What does tail biting cause?

A 
Pain
infection
Impaired growth
stress
condemnation of carcass
death
economic losses
82
Q

What is the main diseases that tail biting causes?

A

Osteomyelitis - infection into bone

Hindquarter abscesses

83
Q

When is tail docking in pigs carried out?

A

When measures to improve environmental conditions have been taken first

84
Q

What factor decreases tail biting?

A 
Straw - like to forage
Healthy
Objects 
Increased water flow
Better access to food
85
Q

What are the 3 different types of tail biting?

A

Boredom/metabolic balance - motivation to root, non aggressive
Frustration - cant access resources
Fanatic pigs - rogues, often youngest/smallest

86
Q

What to do to objects to better enrichment?

A

Clean them
Attached
Destructible - can shew
Regularly rotated

BVSc2 AM2 (5 decks)

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