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509 - Cellular and Transfusion Science > Pigments and Lipids > Flashcards

Pigments and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

State the three types of pigment

A

Artefact
Endogenous (haematogenous/autogenous)
Exogenus

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2
Q

Define Artefact pigment

A

Deposits produced as a result of chemical reaction in tissue

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3
Q

Define Endogenous tissue

A

Produced within tissue
Have a physiological function or are a by-product of normal metabolic process

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4
Q

Define exogenous tissue

A

Gain access to the body accidentally
No physiological function
Usually minerals, enter by inhalation or implantation on skin (during industrial exposure)

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5
Q

Give examples of Artefact pigment

A

Formalin
Malarial
Mercury
Dichromate deposits

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6
Q

Give examples of endogenous pigments

A

Bile pigments
Lipofuscin
Melanin
Iron
Calcium
Copper
Uric acid and urates

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7
Q

Give three examples of conditions formed as a result of bile pigment accumulation

A

Obstructive/surgical Jaundice
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)
Cholestasis

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8
Q

Outline obstructive jaundice

A
  • A symptom of an underlying condition (involving the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas)
  • Usually requires surgical intervention
  • Accumulation of bile pigments
  • Injury to bile duct/obstruction of bile flow
  • Can cause hepatocellular damage and cirrhosis (eventually)
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9
Q

Outline PBC

A
  • Autoimmune disease of liver
  • Results from a slow, progressive destruction of the small liver bile ducts, causing bile/other toxins to build up in liver
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10
Q

Outline cholestasis

A
  • A liver disease
  • Bile cannot flow from liver to duodenum
  • Obstructive: mechanical blockage in duct system due to gallstone or malignancy
  • Metabolic: disturbances in bile formation due to genetic defects or medication
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11
Q

Outline Haemosiderin

A
  • Iron-storage complex in cells/tissues (not in blood circulation)
  • Iron derived mainly from breakdown of erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Poorly available to supply iron when needed
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12
Q

Outline Perls Prussian blue staining (ferric iron - Fe3+)

A
  • Protocol chemicals: dilute hydrochloric acid (releasing ferric ions from binding proteins by partial denaturation of protein), potassium ferrocyanide
  • Method stains mostly iron in ferric state, including ferritin and haemosiderin
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13
Q

How does Perls Prussian blue staining work?

A
  • Potassium ferrocyanide combines with ferric iron, forming prussian blue pigment (aka ferric ferrocyanide)
  • Addition of hydrochloric acid increases iron availability within tissue
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14
Q

What colour does Formalin pigment stain?

A

Brown/Black (once fixated in acid formalin)

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15
Q

Where is formalin pigment often found?

A

Haemorrhagic tisdue

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16
Q

What colour does malarial pigment stain?

A

Brown/black

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17
Q

How to differentiate between formalin and malarial pigment?

A

Malarial pigment is found in RBCs with parasite

18
Q

What colour does mercury pigment stain?

A

Black

19
Q

What colour do dichromate deposits stain?

A

Yellow/brown

20
Q

Outline bile pigments

A
  • Red/brown = bilirubin
  • Green = biliverdin
  • Result of RBCs breaking down
  • Buildup suggests liver/haemolytic disease
21
Q

Outline Lipofuscin

A
  • Brown
  • ‘Wear and tear’
  • Due to lipid oxidation near nucleus
  • Found in the heart, liver, brain
22
Q

Outline melanin

A
  • Black/brown
  • Product of melanocytes
  • Found in eye/skin/hair/brain/melanoma
  • Dyed by Masson Fontana (black)
23
Q

Outline Iron

A
  • Fine brown colour
  • Blue after Prussian Blue reaction
  • Stored as haemosiderin in ferric state (Fe3+)
  • Found in liver, spleen, bone marrow
24
Q

State 3 iron store disorders

A
  • Haemosiderin
  • Haemosiderosis
  • Haemochromatosis
25
Q

Outline Haemochromatosis

A
  • Inherited condition
  • Iron levels slowly build up over many years
  • Symptoms: skin bronzing, fatigue, diabetes, cirrhosis
  • Ages 40-60/post menopause
  • Requires phlebotomy treatment
26
Q

Outline Haemosiderosis

A
  • AKA secondary haemochromatosis
  • Acquired and less toxic than primary
  • Iron predominantly stored in reticuloendothelial system
  • Treated with iron chelating agents
27
Q

Outline Haemosiderin

A
  • A symptom of a iron disorder
  • Too much can cause organ failure
28
Q

Outline calcium

A
  • Stained black(?)
  • Absorbed via GIT (vit D)
  • Stained by von Kossa and Alizarin
  • Found in teeth/bone
29
Q

Outline copper

A
  • Normally undetectable
  • An accumulation causes Wilson’s disease
  • Specific stains required
30
Q

Outline Uric acid and urstes

A
  • Use a polarising microscope, birefringent
  • Breakdown of purine nucleotides
  • High amounts can lead to joint crystallisation (gout), kidney diseases, diabetes
31
Q

Give examples of Exogenous pigments

A

Carbon
Silica
Asbestos

32
Q

Outline Carbon

A
  • Most common exogenous pigment
  • Easily identified
  • Confused with melanin
  • Seen in lungs of smokers
  • Absorbed by phagocytes
33
Q

How to differentiate carbon and melanin?

A

Melanin bleach

34
Q

Outline Silica

A
  • Intert angular masses
  • Same material as glass
  • In lungs (causes silicosis /fibrosis of lungs)
  • May be birefringent
35
Q

Outline Asbestos

A
  • Long beaded fibres
  • Causes fibrosis
  • May lead to asbestosis and mesothelioma
  • Fibres become coated in protein sheaths containing haemosiderin (demonstrated by Prussian Blue)
36
Q

List unconjugated lipids

A

Neutral fats
Waves
Cholesterol esters
Phosphoglycerides
Sphingomyelins
Ceramides
Glycolipids

37
Q

List conjugated lipids

A

Fatty acids
Steroids

38
Q

Define a lipid

A

Soluble in fat solvents BUT insoluble in water. They are hydrophobic.

39
Q

How to view lipids:

A
  • Lysochrome method (staining using a dye very soluble in lipids, insoluble in aqueous solution)
  • Frozen, stained by Oil Red O or Sudan Black
  • Use of polarised light microscope (view oval fat bodies)
  • Osmium Tetroxide fixation (view the lipids as black)
40
Q

Briefly outline lipid storage disorders:

A
  • AKA Lipidosis
  • a group of inherited metabolic disorders in which harmful amounts of fatty materials (lipids) accumulate in various cells and tissues
  • Particularly accumulate in CNS
41
Q

Give an example of a lipid storage disorder

A

Fabry disease (accumulation in kidney)

509 - Cellular and Transfusion Science (15 decks)

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