Pigments Flashcards

1
Q

What is melanin?

A

A yellow-brown pigment formed by melanocytes

  • Protein -tyrosine complex
  • Involves tyrosinase enzyme
  • Pigment is excreted out of the cell
  • Melanocytes produce variable amounts of granules
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2
Q

What is congenital decreased formation of melanin?

A

Albinism

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3
Q

What is acquired decreased formation of melanin?

A
  • Melanocyte damage
  • Copper deficiency
  • Vitiligo
  • Hormonal imbalances
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4
Q

What increases formation of melanin?

A
  • UV light - increases the efficiency of the melanocytes
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5
Q

What arises from increased formation of melanin?

A
  • Congenital melanosis
  • Moles
  • Melanoma
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6
Q

What results from breakdown of haemoglobin?

A
  • Jaundice
  • Anaemia
  • Bruising
  • “red water”
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7
Q

What is Haemaglobin made up of?

A
  • Heme
  • Globin
  • Iron
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8
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

The lysing of RBCs

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9
Q

What happens in normal recycling of RBCs?

A
  • Occurs in splenic macrophages
  • Extravascular haemolysis
  • Hb breaks down into Heme, Iron and globin

Iron -> Haemosiderin
Heme -> bilirubin
Globin- -> AA’s

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10
Q

Describe Extravascular Haemolysis…

A

Is a normal process where splenic macrophages remove old RBCs

  • Can be excessive in some diseases where there is excessive phagocytosis and breakdown
    e. g. Malaria and incompatible blood transfusions
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11
Q

Describe Intravascular Haemolysis…

A
  • Always pathological process
  • Causes the release of free haemoglobin into the plasma
  • May be filtered by the kidneys
  • Some is resorbed into tubular epithelial cells
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12
Q

What is Haemoglobinaemia?

A

Release of free haemoglobin into the plasma

- Pink Serum

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13
Q

What is Haemoglobinuria?

A

Haemoglobin in the urine

- Pink/ Orange urine

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14
Q

What diseases can cause intravascular haemolysis?

A
  • Complement- mediated immune reactions
  • Damage to RBC membranes
    • Congenital defects
    • Some RBC parasites
    • Oxidative damage e.g cat eating garlic and onions
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15
Q

Describe Haemosiderin…

A
  • A breakdown product of Haemoglobin
  • Yellow-brown pigment
  • Insoluble storage form of iron
  • Small amounts are normally found in macrophages of spleens
  • Causes the yellow-brown colour seen in old bruises
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16
Q

Describe the staining of Haemosiderin…

A

Pearls iodine or Prussian blue can be used to stain

17
Q

Where can local accumulations of haemosiderin found?

A
  • Bruises (local haemorrhage)

- Areas of vascular congestion (heart failure cells)

18
Q

Where can systemic accumulations of haemosiderin found?

A

Haemosiderosis

  • Systemic
  • e.g. Cattle drinking iron rich bore water gives them orange organs
  • Excessive haemoglobin breakdown
  • Excessive dietary absorption
  • Impaired Iron metabolism
19
Q

Describe Bilirubin…

A
  • Derived from Haemoglobin
  • Orange
  • Transported to the bloodstream loosely bound to albumin
  • Eventually excreted via bile into the faeces
20
Q

What happens if you have excessive bilirubin in the bloodstream?

A

Jaundice

  • Causes yellow skin, sclera and mucous membranes
  • The source of bilirubin may be:
    • Pre-hepatic
    • Hepatic
    • Post Hepatic
21
Q

Describe Pre-hepatic jaundice…

A
  • Involves RBC breakdown
    • Immune- mediated disease
    • Incompatible blood transfusion
    • RBC parasites

NB: can be Intra or Extravascular

22
Q

Describe the normal pattern of Bilirubin metabolism?

A

Heme fragment > Bilirubin > Into Blood > Bound to albumin (carrier) > = Free bilirubin > Liver > Conjugated to glucuronic acid > = Conjugated bilirubin > Excreted in bile > Duodenum > Distal intestine > Oxidised by intestinal bacteria > Urobilinogens > Urobilin (urine) > Stercobilins (faeces)

23
Q

What does stercobilins do to faeces?

A

Makes it brown in colour

24
Q

What are the consequences of haemolytic jaundice?

A
  • Increased levels of free bilirubin in the blood
    • This free bilirubin is toxic to developing neurons at high concentrations
  • Anaemia
  • With or without haemoglobinaemia & haemoglobinuria
25
Describe Hepatic jaundice...
- Damage to hepatocytes results in decreased ability to conjugate with glucuronic acid and excrete bilirubin - Free bilirubin levels in the blood increase - Causes may be? - - Leptospirosis - - Viral hepatitis - - Chronic Copper poisoning
26
Describe Post-hepatic jaundice...
- Blockage of the bile duct system - Impairs excretion of conjugated bilirubin - Obstruction may be intra or extra-hepatic - Causes may be? - - Secondary to toxic jaundice - - Blockage of bile duct by tumours, gallstones, inflammation etc. - - Rupture of the bile duct
27
What does cholestasis mean?
Stoping Bile
28
What is a faecal sign of Post-hepatic Jaundice?
Pale faeces | - only a tiny amount of stercobilin is required to turn faeces brown
29
Describe the blood tube of an animal with post-hepatic Jaundice?
- No excessive haemolysis - Normal PCV levels - Yellow Serum due to bilirubin
30
Describe the blood tube of an animal with Hepatic Jaundice?
- No excessive haemolysis - Normal PCV - Yellow Serum due to bilirubin
31
Describe the blood tube of an animal with pre-hepatic Jaundice?
- Excessive haemolysis - RBCs lysed - Low PCV - Pink Stained serum - Orangish urine
32
Describe neonatal horse Jaundice...
If Mare and Stallion have different blood types - Foal gets Stallion blood type - After Foal is born and starts drinking colostrum from mum it will get jaundice as the Mare Colostrum Antibodies are directed against the Foals (stallion) blood RBCs - RBCs lyse to produce jaundice in the foal