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Pathology > Circulation Disturbances > Flashcards

Circulation Disturbances Flashcards

1
Q

What causes increased blood in tissues?

A

Hyperaemia

Congestion

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2
Q

What causes decreased blood in tissues?

A

Ischaemia

Infarction

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3
Q

Describe hyperaemia…

A

Causes increased blood in terminal vascular bed

  • Reserve capillaries are filled
  • Increased erythrocytes in vessels causes redness
  • Active process
  • Well oxygenated blood
  • Can be physiological i.e. blush
  • Can be pathological
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4
Q

Describe congestion…

A

Causes increased blood in the terminal vascular bed
- impeded blood flow out of tissue
- Physical obstruction of vessels by compression or blockage
OR…
- Failure of forward blood flow
- Poorly oxygenated venous blood

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of congestion?

A
  • Localised
  • Generalised
  • Hypostatic
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6
Q

What are the effects of congestion?

A

Depends on how quickly the congestion develops

- If there is gradual onset of congestion collateral circulation develops

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7
Q

What is development of collateral circulation?

A

When redundant capillaries develop new blood flow routes

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8
Q

What may chronic congestion lead to?

A
  • Oedema
  • Hypoxia
  • Diapedesis/ haemorrhage
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9
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The passage of blood cells through intact walls of capillaries

  • Low volume loss of blood
    • Pulmonary congestion - heart failure cells
    • Hepatic congestion - Nutmeg liver
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10
Q

Describe what heart failure cells look like…

A

Alveolar macrophages contain brown/gold haemosiderin pigment due to phagocytosis and breakdown of RBCs

  • When the left ventricle doesn’t pump very well and the pressure dams back into the lungs
    • lung capillaries fill up with RBCs and some get pushed into alveolar macrophages and they eat the macrophages
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11
Q

What does nutmeg liver look like?

A

Does this when the right ventricle starts to fail

  • Pressure builds up
  • Lots of organs congested but the liver shows it most markedly
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12
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

Inadequate blood supply of a tissue relative to its needs

Leads to…

  • Hypoxia
  • Malnutrition
  • Build up of waste products
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13
Q

What are some causes of ischaemia?

A
  • Cardiac Arrest
  • Arterial Obstruction
  • Venous obstruction
  • Capillary Damage
  • Hypovolaemia
  • Severe vasodilation
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14
Q

What can cause arterial obstructions?

A
  • Thrombosis
  • Embolism
  • Arterial spasm
  • Arteritis
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15
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

When atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary vessels cause clots to form
- These block the blood supply to the cardiac muscle which causes an infarct

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16
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Lodging of a blood clot, fat globule, gas bubble or foreign body in a blood vessel
- affects part of the body distanced from the site of origin

17
Q

Describe arteritis…

A

Inflammation of the walls of arteries due to infection or autoimmune response

18
Q

What are the modifying factors of ischaemia consequences?

A
  • The specific tissue that is involved
    i. e. brain vs. fibrous tissue
  • The duration and the speed of the onset
    i. e. sudden is more severe
  • Oxygenation state of the blood
    i. e. severity is increased in anaemic animals
  • Temperature of the tissue
    i. e. this lowers metabolic rate (enzymes)
19
Q

What is an infarct?

A

A localised area of necrotic tissue

Is a consequence of ischaemia

20
Q

Describe the appearance of a recent infarct..

A

There are gross changes when an infarct starts to develop
- This can tell you how old an infarct is

  • Redness and swelling
  • Wedge-shaped area affected
  • Degeneration and Necrosis of ischaemic tissue
21
Q

Describe the appearance of an older infarct..

A
  • Tissue lightens in colour (du to RBC breakdown)
  • Swelling resolves
  • There is a line of hyperaemia
  • Removal of necrotic tissue as fibroblasts start to grow into the tissue
  • Scarring
22
Q

What are some examples of infarcts?

A

Generally found in organs that don’t have a dual blood supply
- Kidney, brain, spleen, limbs, intestines etc

23
Q

What is a sterile infarct?

A

An infarct in which the cause is sterile

24
Q

What is a septic infarct?

A

An infarct in which the cause is bacterial etc.

Pathology (12 decks)

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