Pigments Flashcards

Question

What are the characteristics of glue tempera?

Answer 1

o Gelatin or casein is used as a medium o Binder/medium is from animal origin (does not include eggs) o Used on cloth – usually linen o Cheaper than oil – explains popularity

Answer 2

BLUE Cost is relatively low Can be spotted in X-rays Popular it is cheap, dries fast, good color

Answer 3

BLACK Blue/black Made from charring bones Used for dark background Often mixed with other pigments

Answer 4

BROWN Asphalt Dark brown – verging on black color Used for paints and glazes

Answer 5

RED A lake Lake pigment derived from madder root Ancient Egypt – used to color textiles Used in north and south Europe Used until today Stable

Answer 6

RED Orangey in tone Very good covering power Stable and permanent Used in north and south Europe in early modern period Often combined with other pigments Used from antiquity until today Is toxic

Answer 7

Pigment is mixed with water-soluble medium Egg yolk, glue or gum arabic

Answer 8

GREEN Blueish greenish A little transparent Not stable Toxic Shiny Often mixed with lead white With age it turns dark brown or black

Answer 9

 Gold leaf that has been ground to a powder  Powder is applied to mordant  Mixed with binder - oil or animal glue – then painted on  Used for smaller/finer details or highlights  Used for illuminations in manuscripts

Answer 10

o Wooden construction o Canvas is nailed or glues to stretches o Makes canvas flat and thought – no irregularities – tension o Can hold inscriptions and labels o Primary support: canvas – secondary support: stretcher - 19th century o Standard sizes are developed

Answer 11

RED A type of pigment - ex. madder root Made by a dye Separate substance from a solution Comes from insects Fugitive – don’t react well to light Important in early modern period Create transparent layer over paint layer

Answer 12

Yellowish brown When sienna is heated up it turns darker – called burnt sienna Very permanent Can be mixed with other pigments

Answer 13

BLUE Been around since antiquity Derived from lapis lazuli Afghanistan – main provider of lapis lazuli Since it was sourced faraway it was expensive Ultramarine = over the sea Mined 6000 years ago Exist in Egyptian tomb paintings Raphael, da Vinci used it

Answer 14

Layers of wet paint are laid on to previously applied layer of wet paint

Answer 15

Translucent paint film o Specifically used for areas of fabric o Thinly applied layers of paint – texture on fabric o If applied on another color – modify color to be more translucent o Thickness makes different tones

Answer 16

YELLOW Discovered in 13th century Used until 18th century Good covering power Light in color 2 types 1st Found in early modern period painting

Answer 17

Dry fresco o Pigment is applied on dry plaster o Requires binding agent to make pigment stick to surface o Result is less vibrant

Answer 18

Limited hiding power Stable Widely used still today

Answer 19

Oil Egg yolk Glue

Answer 20

(aka ceruse) Warm whites, subtle undertones – red and yellow Used for skin colors Mineral Used since antiquity Metallic lead and vinegar Realized it was poisonous Dries very fast

Answer 21

BLUE Cheaper alternative compared to natural ultramarine

Answer 22

BLUE Very stable pigment

Answer 23

YELLOW Quite good covering power Stable Rich yellow – almost golden Not used as much in northern Europe Used in Italy

Answer 24

 Gold leaf is applied onto raised decorative motif made from plaster like substance  Rare in early Netherlandish art

Answer 25

RED Good hiding power Still in use today Used to illuminate manuscripts and paintings Used in some parts of Asia

Answer 26

BLACK Made from soot Sometimes used in ground layer of painting

Answer 27

- Boun affresco (true fresco) o Application of pigment on wet plaster o Composition is usually sketched out with charcoal or sinopia o Sinopia  Pigment – underdrawing material for fresco o Only enough plaster is added for one day’s work

Answer 28

- Any transparent/protective coating that is applied last to paint layer - Composed of natural resin that is dissolved in solvent (ethyl alcohol, turpentine) - Forms glasslike film on painting - Protects paint layer and creates glossy finish that reflects light - Can be applied with brush or lightly stamped - Tends to crack and yellow – can necessitate a replacement - Recipes exist from 9th century - Early 16th century – spirit varnishes (ethyl alcohol, turpentine)

Answer 29

Parts on painting where layers of paint are built up to create texture – brushstrokes can be seen

Answer 30

minerals, plant based, synthetic

Answer 31

GREEN Varying in colour Used since antiquity Used by Medieval Italian painter to suggest flesh tones Hiding power is low Not affected by light

Answer 32

- Comes from Italian word ‘fresco’ (fresh) - Wall paintings on wet plaster - Becomes prominent in Italian Renaissance - Can be combined with gold leaf - Requires dry climate – explains why it´s not used a lot in north Europe

Answer 33

Lead-tin yellow Ochre Orpiment Yellow Lake Indian Yellow Chromium Yellow Cadmium Yellow Sienna

Answer 34

Pigment mixed with gum arabic

Answer 35

- Parchment or vellum - Stone - Metal - Copper o Favored for durability o Small to medium size o Detailed paintings o Shiny finish o Sourced in central Europe – Hungary, Sweden, Germany o Nonabsorbent surface

Answer 36

- Most common canvas material – linen, can also find hemp, silk (later part of 18th century cotton) - More easily portable - Used for banners, hangings, funeral cloths - Emerges in Italy first - Later in Netherlands and Germany - Canvas is covered with gesso – first course gesso – then smooth gesso – then smoothened

Answer 37

Verdigris Copper resinate Malachite Green earth Viridian

Answer 38

linen canvas o Plain weave  Each yarn over and under – regular weave o Canvas is coated and sized with animal glue

Answer 39

RED Deep red Derives from resin from trees

Answer 40

o Brushes  Made from hog bristles  Came in different sized used for different effects o Pallet knife  Flat metallic paint  Can be used to add or remove paint o Fingers to paint Cloth

Answer 41

GREEN Kind of permanent Sensitive to heat 15th – 16th century Oldest green pigment