Paper

Question 1

Where is most paper made today?

Answer 1

Mainly North America and China, but also Germany and Finland

Question 2

What is blue coloured paper called?

Answer 2

Carta azzura
Carta turchnia, most common in middle east
Carta cerulea

Started to be used in Venice in 15th century

Question 3

Where does parchment originate?

Answer 3

2nd BCE in Pergamon, Turkey

Question 4

How does paper spred from China?

Answer 4

First Japan - Korea - Silkroad to muslim world in 8th century CE

Samarkand 8th CE - center of paper production, crucial stop on silkroad

Egypt 9th CE

Tunisia and Morocco 10th CE

Spain 10th CE

Italy 12th CE - process perfected further

France 1348 Troye - starts using wood - important with paper for UNIs

China to Muslim world via silk road – then to Africa – then to Spain.

Question 5

Who invented paper?

Answer 5

Paper appears first in China, dated 2nd century BCE

Cai Lun (105 C.E) perfected the craft§

Question 6

What can be used as a drawing support for a drawing?

Answer 6

Paper, parchment (vellum), plaster walls, canvas (linen, silk), wood (covered with paper or parchment or covered with glue and bone powder)

Question 7

What are the 4 key actions in making parchment? (SSSD)

Answer 7

1. Soaking
2. Stretching
3. Scraping
4. Drying

Question 8

What was important when choosing location for paper mills in 1400-1800?

Answer 8

Close to good quality water - not too much iron. Not to far away from city die to transportation - not too close because pollution

(Water supply divided into two streams - 1 for washing paper and stamper beating - filtered
- 1 for powering water wheels

Question 9

What are the 7 steps of paper making in early modern period?

Answer 9

1. Selecting good rags and sorting
2. Retting
3. Stamper beating and washing during beating
4. Sheet forming
5. Drying
6. Sizing
7. Finishing

Question 10

What is paper made from?

Answer 10

Vegetable fibres!
In early china: Mulberry, but also Hemp, Nettle, Bamboo, seaweed, wheat straw

In early Europe: Flax and Hemp

Medieval: rags made from flax/linnen

Question 11

How is paper coloured?

Answer 11

Paper can be coloured or tinted by adding pigments and bone powder to surface or adding pigment to paper paste/pulp

Question 12

What was paper made from in early modern period?

Answer 12

Rags from flax/linen and hemp
Cotton rags where there but not enough befor 1800