Pigmentation Disorders

Question 1

_________ - are caused by an overgrowth of the cells that create pigment in skin. Happen when blood vessels don’t form correctly — either there are too many of them or they’re wider than usual.

Answer 1

Vascular birthmarks

Question 2

What are the common vascular birthmarks?

Answer 2

macular stains, hemangiomas, and port-wine stains

Question 3

_______ - is an abnormal build up of blood vessels, in the skin or internal organs. It is a type of vascular birthmark as opposed to other types of birthmarks that are called Pigmented marks

Answer 3

hemangioma

Question 4

True or False:

The classically recognized hemangioma is a visible red skin lesion that may be in the top skin layers, deeper in the skin,or a mixture of both.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Hemangioma that is in the top skin layers.

Answer 5

capillary aka strawberry hemangioma

Question 6

Hemangioma that is deeper in the skin.

Answer 6

cavernous hemangioma

Question 7

True or False:

Hemangiomas are usually present at birth, although they may appear within a few months after birth, often beginning at a site that has appeared slightly dusky or a different colour, compared with the surrounding tissue.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Hemangiomas, both deep and superficial, undergo a rapid growth phase in which the volume and size increase rapidly. This phase is followed by a _______ , when the hemangioma changes very little and an __________ in which the hemangioma begins to disappear.

Answer 8

rest phase

involutional phase

Question 9

What are the common areas that hemagioma may appear?

Answer 9

Hemangiomas may be present anywhere on the body; however, they are most disturbing to parents when they are on the infant’s face or head.

Question 10

_____________ - may interfere with the development of normal vision and must be treated in the first few months of life.

Answer 10

Hemangiomas of the eyelid

Question 11

True or False:

On rare occasions, the size and location of hemangiomas may interfere with breathing, feeding, or other vital functions. These lesions also require early treatment.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

_______________ - may develop secondary infections and ulcerate. Bleeding is common and may be significant following injury to the hemangioma.

Answer 12

Large cavernous hemangiomas

Question 13

What are the symptoms of hemagioma?

Answer 13

1. A red to reddish-purple, raised lesion on the skin
2. A massive, raised tumor with blood vessels (a possibility)

Question 14

True or False:

Occasionally, a hemangioma may be associated with other rare syndromes. Additional studies may determine if any of these syndromes are present.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What are the treatment for superficial “ strawberry” hemagioma?

Answer 15

Superficial or “strawberry” hemangiomas are seldom treated. When they are allowed todisappear on their own, the result shows a normal-appearing skin. In some cases, a laser may be used to eradicate the small vessels.

Question 16

What are the treatment for Cavernous hemangiomas?

Answer 16

injections of steroids or laser treatments ( eyelid hemangioma and obstruct vision)

Large cavernous hemangiomas or mixed hemangiomas are treated, when appropriate, with oral steroids and injections of steroids, directly into the hemangioma.

Question 17

What are the complicatons of Hemangioma?

Answer 17

Complications

• Bleeding
• Visual abnormalities (amblyopia, strabismus)
• Psychosocial problems

Question 18

A flat pink, red or purplish lesion present at birth. It is found usually on the head and/or neck, does not blanch and it persists throughout life. The involved skin may thicken slightly and develop an irregular, pebbled surface as a child grows.

Answer 18

Port Wine Stain

Question 19

Port Wine Stain is also known as:

Answer 19

Neveus Flammeus

Question 20

What are the causes of Port Wine Stain [Neveus Flammeus] ?

Answer 20

The cause and origin of PWS remains incompletely understood. The most likely hypothesis for the development of PWS is the deficiency or absence of surrounding neurons regulating blood flow through the ectatic post-capillary venules.

Question 21

What is the treatment of choice for Port Wine Stain [Neveus Flammeus]?

Answer 21

Laser therapy

Question 22

_________ : Some fade and some persist. They usually appear around the head area. Most are not clinically significant

Answer 22

Macular stains

Question 23

Macular Stains is also called:

Answer 23

salmon patches, angel kisses, or stork bites

Question 24

Represent abnormal migration or proliferation of melanocytes.They are not usually clinically significant.

Answer 24

Pigmented birthmarks

Question 25

Pigmented birthmarks includes the following. Except:

1. Slate-grey nevus [formerly Mongolian spots]
2. Neveus Flammeus
3. Moles, also called nevi
4. Café-au-lait spots

Answer 25

Except: 2

Question 26

Yellowish or brownish macules developing on the sun-exposed parts of the skin

Answer 26

Freckles [Ephelides]

Question 27

True about freckles. Except:

1. Increase in number with an increase in sun exposure
2. Increase in melanin
3. Inherited trait that tends to fade with age
4. Tend to become malignant, if left untreated
5. More frequent in light pigmented individuals

Answer 27

Except: 4

Question 28

Flat brown to black patches on the skin of fair-skinned individuals and are usually found on sunlight-exposed areas. Tend to persist year-round, unlike freckles which tend to be more seasonal.

Answer 28

Lentigo

Question 29

Lentigo is also nown as:

Answer 29

sunspots, liverspots, or age spots

Question 30

Whata are the treatment of Lentigo?

Answer 30

Bleaching medications, or liquid nitrogen

Avoiding the sun

Use sunscreen

Question 31

Smooth, cherry-red or purple dome-shaped papules. Usually found on the trunk.

Answer 31

Angiomas

Question 32

Single dilated blood vessels, capillaries, or terminal arteries that appear on areas exposed to sun or harsh weather, such as cheeks or nose.

Answer 32

Telangiectases

Question 33

Brown patches of irregular shape and size, on the face and elsewhere.

Answer 33

Melasma

Question 34

Melasma is also known as:aka Chloasma

Answer 34

Chloasma

If confluent, facial
patches are called the “mask of pregnancy”

Question 35

Melasma in pregnant women are associated with:

Answer 35

facial patches are called the “mask of pregnancy” which is associated with pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives. Also linked to sun exposure in association with hormones. Tends to fade after pregnancy, or when oral contraceptives are stopped.

Question 36

A condition in which your skin loses melanin, Occurs when the cells that produce melanin die or no longer form melanin, causing slowly enlarging white patches of irregular shapes to appear on your skin.

Answer 36

Vitiligo

Question 37

What is the pigment that determines the color of your skin, hair and eyes?

Answer 37

melanin

Question 38

Who can be affected with vetiligo?

Answer 38

Vitiligo affects all races, but may be more noticeable in people with darker skin

Question 39

True or False:

There is no cure for vitiligo. The goal of treatment is to stop or slow the progression of pigment loss and, if you desire, attempt to return some color to your skin.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

What are the causes and risk factors of vetiligo?

Answer 40

It may be due to an immune system disorder. Heredity may be a factor because there is an increased incidence of vitiligo in some families. Some people have reported a single event, such as sunburn or emotional distress, that triggered the condition.

Question 41

What is the goal of treatment for Vetiligo?

Answer 41

The goal of treatment is to stop or slow the progression of pigment loss and, if you desire, attempt to return some color to your skin.

Question 42

Self care steps to improve and the appearance of skin in persons with vetiligo. Except:

1. Using sunscreen
2. Applying cosmetic camouflage cream
3. For fair-skinned individuals, tanning can make the areas almost unnoticeable.

Answer 42

Except: 3

For fair-skinned individuals, avoiding tanning can make the areas almost unnoticeable.

Question 43

________ - a group of inherited disorders, results in little or no production of the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are present but do not form melanin, due to a genetic lack of the enzyme tyrosinase which helps to form melanin.

Answer 43

Albinism

Question 44

True about Albinism. Except:

1. Most people with albinism are sensitive to sun exposure and are at increased risk of developing skin cancer.
2. All forms of albinism cause problems with the development and function of the Ear.
3. Although there’s no cure for albinism, people with the disorder can take steps to improve vision and avoid too much sun exposure.
4. Albinism doesn’t limit intellectual development, though people with albinism often feel socially isolated and may experience discrimination.

Answer 44

Except: 2

All forms of albinism cause problems with the development and function of the eyes. Because Melanin also plays a role in the development of certain optical nerves which is affected in person with vetiligo.

Question 45

After trauma, burns and skin infections, skin will show scarring and atrophic skin, which will appear white compared to the surrounding skin. Not clinically significant. This is callled:

Answer 45

Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation