Pig Repro & papers Flashcards
Advantages of castration
Decreased agression - decr. carcasss damage
Avoids boar taint
Prevents development of the preputial diverticulum (stores urine & respoonsible for bad smell)
Cause of boar taint
Build up of androstenone and skatole in the muscle
Method of surgical treatment of penile prolapse reported in Pot Bellied pigs by Reig et al (VS 2019)
5 cases had phallopexy +/- urethropexy. All with successful outcome (although 1 urethropexy required revision)
Describe the method of surgical treatment of penile prolapse reported in Pot Bellied pigs by Reig et al (VS 2019)
- Urethropexy - double armed 5-0 PDS used to take a bite of urethral mucose 5mm wide. Suture entered the urethral opening and penetrated the ventral urethra, exiting a preputial skin incision 3cm caudally
- Phallopexy - performed either by sutureing the tunica albuginea of the penis to the external rectus sheath on left and right sides, or more minimally invasively by suturing ventral penile TA to the prev incised preputial mucosa
What is the ideal age for castration of poiglets?
How is castration performed in those <2 weeks?
& in mature boars?
Ideal age is between 2days & 2 weeks. >1month old will req sedation
<2weeks - suspend by hind limbs. 0.5ml 2%lido in each testicl. Incision at the most cranioventral aspect of the scrotum, testes steadily pulled from scrotum until spermatic cord separates. Minimal haem at this age
Mature pigs - GA dorsal or lateral. 4-6cm ventral scrotal incision. Closed castration; testicle exteriorised in tunic, twisted tightly to the levele of the inguinal ring. Then apply circumferential ligature(s) & emasculate distal. Leave scrotum open (ie like closed scrotal castration in horses)
Pot-bellied pigs ideally castrated before 12wk (sexual maturity) - cranioventral scrotal incision, closed castration, recommended to close external ing ring to prevent PO inguinal hernias
Which approaches are used for cryptorchid castration in pigs
Usually abdominal
Can use paramedian: 4-8cm incision approx 2cm lateral & parallel to prepuce in caudal ventral abdomen on affected side
Inguinal: over the superficial ing ring on affected side(s)
What is the prevalence of inguinal hernias in pigs?\How are they best managed?
Prevalence around 1%
Often encountered at castration. Castrate via inguinal approach, twist tunic tightly to return abdominal contents. Castrate as normal & close ext ing ring. If intestin incarcerted (no reducible), open tunic to exmine & either return of R&A.
Describe 2 methods for creating teasers
Vasectomy - GA dorsal. 4cm incision over each spermatic cord approx 3-6cm cranial to ventral aspect of scrotum. Elevate cord, incise tunic, & ID ductus deferens - firm & pale, w no pulse. Free, ligate x2 & remove 3cm section. Suture tunic & skin
Epididymectomy - 2-3cm excision of tail of epididymus as in other species - describes a ventral incision but must mean when in dorsal as tail of epididymus is dorsally located in the pig?? Well caudal tail but testis tilts cranioventral to caudodorsal so located caudodorsally
What 3 methods are available for resection of the preputial diverticulum?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
1) Closed resection of the preputial diverticulum: A 4-6cm parapreputial skin incision overlying lateral aspect of 1 lobe of the preputial diverticulum. Continue dissection SQ & cranial preputial mm until wall of preputial diverticulum is identified. Both lobes are separated from surrounding tissue; when fully free, neck of the preputial diverticulum is identified, & purse string placed, but not tightened, around neck. Each sac bluntly everted through the preputial orifice & grasped w gauze, then purse-string is tightened & tied. SQ & skin of original incision are closed. Finally, everted diverticulum is removed (27-11D). Stump can remain open or be sutured w a simple continuous pattern over the clamp
Closed procedure ↓ risk of bacterial contamination from preputial diverticulum at sx site both during & PO
2) Open resection of the preputial diverticulum: 4-6cm incision as above. Diverticulum dissected free from surrounding tissues, excised, & sutured closed at skin incision rather than everting through preputial orifice.
Disadvantage vs closed resection is that stump is closed within open surgical site & not externally through the preputial orifice which may ↑ risk of SSI.
3) Preputial diverticulectomy via the preputial orifice: curved haemostat passed through preputial orifice into 1 lobe of the bilobate diverticulum. Tip of blind horn is grasped &, w gentle traction, partially everted through preputial opening. Additional forceps then used to evert remainder of the lobe. Repeated w opposite lobe. Preputial orifice may need to be enlarged by incising cranially along the body wall. After both lobes are everted, diverticulum is excised. Suturing is not req for young boars, but may be sutured closed in adults Tearing of the mucosa of the diverticulum during the procedure may occur and could lead to local contamination 7 infection.
Predisposing factors for vaginal prolapse in sows
Occurs pre-partum (as in sheep); dt excessive straining.\
Usually dt lateral displacement of the bladder - difficulty urinating, urethritis, cystitis, straining & prolapse
Management of pre-partuim vaginal prolapse in sows
Clean +/- osmotic agents
Constant gentle pressure should effect reduction in 15-20 mins
Check bladder is in a normal position
Buhner suture to help prevent recurrence as in sheep
Remove suture at 1st sign of farrowing or 112-114 d gestation
Caesarean indicated if excessive swelling
Possible approaches for avariectomy or avariohysterectomy in sows
Approaches include flank, ventrolateral, paramedian, or ventral midline
Flank - ventral to TPs of lumbar vertebrae, midway between TC & last rib. Adv = preferred for obese pigs; ↓ risk of incisional complications. Both ovaries can be removed from 1 flank incision
Ventral midline: preferred in young pigs for cosmesis. Incision made caudally at the level of the most caudal 2 teats (from the umbilicus caudally). ↑ (16%) incisional hernia rate so avoid lager pigs
Describe the procedure for laparoscopic OV/OVH in pigs
- OV - leaving uterus does risk pyo or neoplasia, but canine studies - risks is small
- OVH - ↑ sx time but has to be performed if pregnant, & is easier in small pigs
- LAPAROSCOPY - lap OV preferable to open approach dt ↓ morbidity & rehab
- Fast for 18=24 hrs (12hrs if small)
- Trochar/cannula placement can be challenging dt tough peritoneum & high SQ fat, so 1st generally placed w modified open/Hasson approach
- 1st portal is umbilicus - 2-3cm skin incision w SQ fat dissection to expose linea
- Towel clamps or Allis tissues to elevate body wall & make 10mm linea alba & peritoneal incision
- Insert 10mm cannula, confirm intra-abdominal location w camera then insufflate to 12-15mmHg. Trendellenburg position
- 2 additional portals either side, midway between umbilicus & external inguinal rings just lateral to mammary chain under laparoscopic visualisation
- (Can put instrument portals in front & behind camera port on midline)
- Pigs ovaries (as for cow) are usually in the caudal abdomen near pelvic inlet.
- In commercial pigs, uterine horns approx 30cm in young gilts & upto 1m sow.
- If bladder is large/full, may need to empty via cystocentesis
- Uterus more pink vs bowel, & appears more muscular, use atraumatic forceps to follow it to the ovary, often obscured in ovarian bursa by extensive mesosalpinx
- Isolate & elevate ovary by grasping w forceps or placing jaws of straight forceps on each side of the proper ligament of the ovary (between ovary & tip of horn)
- Bipolar cautery to ligate pedicle, ( or monopolar laparoscopic scissors or a ligating device w sliding knot)
- Small ovaries may exit 10mm cannula, larger ones will req enlargement of umbilical portal (use towel clamps to reseal linea & maintain insufflation for 2nd ovary)
- Close midline incision(s) in 3 layers, others in 2 layers
Possible approaches for caesareans in pigs.
Advantages & disadvantages of each
- most common are PLF, ventrolateral (horizontal low flank), ventral midline, or paramedian
- Ventral/paramedian usually need GA (dorsal) as movement of limbs rx in contamination of incision. Avoid mammary veins. Ventral incisions have ↑est risk of complications/hernia (avoid in v big pigs)
- Ventrolateral - parallel & axial to flank fold & lateral to mammary chain in lateral recumbency. Incision begins. 10 cm cranial to inguinal region & extended cranially for 15 cm.
- Flank - mid PLF incision to a point just dorsal to the cranial skinfold of the flank
- Flank & ventrolateral incisions are relatively blood free & ↓PO complications
Procedure for caesarean including recommended closure
- exteriorise horn closest to incision & make a 6-8cm hysterotomy along greater curvature, as close to bifurcation as poss
- Ideally can remove all piglets from single incision; otherwise second one in other horn
- Close in a single layer Cushing or Utrecht pattern
- Routine abdo closure
- Confinement minimum 14d PO, ABs 3-5d
