Pig Part B (Endocrine and Respiratory Systems) Flashcards
Define hormone
A chemical released in 1 part of the body and affects cells of a different part of the body, a “messenger”
What is the function of the endocrine system?
To deliver “messages” throughout the body
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine: releases secretions through ducts.
Endocrine: releases secretions through the bloodstream
Give 1 example of an exocrine gland
Sweat glands, tear glands, digestives juices being released from various glands
Hypothalamus
Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
Makes hormones that controls the function of other endocrine glands; called “the master gland; releases 9 hormones; smaller than the tip of little finger
Parathyroid glands
Releases parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the body
Thymus
Releases thymosin (stimulates T cell production for immune system)
Adrenal glands
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress (“fight or flight”).
Pineal gland
Releases melatonin, which regulates our daily sleep/wake cycle. Melatonin makes us sleepy!
Thyroid
Produces thyroxine which regulates metabolism
(made up of the amino acid tyrosine and also iodine),
Pancreas
Releases insulin and glucagon, which both regulate blood sugar levels.
Clusters of cells called beta cells and alpha cells release these hormones (beta cells secrete insulin; alpha cells secrete glucagon).
Ovaries
Produces estrogen (responsible for egg development and the formation of the physical characteristics associated with puberty) and progesterone (prepares uterus for pregnancy)
Testes
Produces testosterone (sperm production and the formation of the physical characteristics associated with puberty)
Which gland is considered part of both the endocrine and digestive systems?
pancreas
Explain how the pancreas maintains homeostasis.
When blood sugar levels are too high, the pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin stimulates liver and muscles to store excess glucose as glycogen. When blood sugar levels are too low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. Glucagon stimulates liver and muscles to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood.
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood, air and tissues.
Nose and mouth
Warms, moistens and filters the air we breathe in.
Epiglottis
Covers the entrance to the trachea when we are swallowing
Pharynx (throat)
Passageway for food and air
Larynx (voicebox)
Muscles pull vocal cords together and air moving between them produces sound
Trachea (windpipe)
Connects larynx to bronchi; has cells with cilia (“hairs”) to filter air
Lungs
Made up of many tiny air sacs that are lined with capillaries for gas exchange with the blood
Bronchioles
Leads into the lungs from the trachea; branches out until it reaches alveoli
Diaphragm
Large, flat, thin muscle that is between heart and liver and is involved in breathing.
Where does gas exchange take place?
Between capillaries and the alveoli (air sacs), which are grouped into clusters that look like grapes; a delicate network of thin-walled capillaries surrounds each alveolus.
Explain how the diaphragm moves when we inhale and exhale.
When we inhale, the diaphragm moves down to open up the chest cavity; the rib cage rises. When we exhale, the diaphragm moves up to push air out of the lungs; rib cage lowers.
