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Biology > DNA Test > Flashcards

DNA Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic

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2
Q

What are the 2 reasons why DNA is unique?

A

Contains our genetic information
Copies itself and replicates it exactly

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3
Q

What are the building blocks (monomers) of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

5 carbon sugar; deoxyribose
Phosphate group or PO4
Nitrogen base

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5
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases present in DNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine

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6
Q

What are purines? How many rings do they have?

A

Adenine & Guanine; 2 rings

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7
Q

What are pyrimidines? How many rings do they have?

A

Thymine & Cytosine; 1 ring

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8
Q

The double helix structure of DNA was discovered by 4 scientists - what are their names and what was the year?

A

James Waston, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins; 1953

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9
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff discover?

A

That the percentage of G and C are almost equal as are A and T

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10
Q

What is the “backbone” of DNA made up of?

A

Phosphate group & deoxyribose

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11
Q

What holds the DNA molecule together?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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12
Q

The nitrogen bases are always connected to the (sugar or phosphate)?

A

Sugar

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13
Q

Name the complementary strands of a DNA molecule.

A

mRNA

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14
Q

What enzyme “unzips” the 2 strands of DNA in DNA replication?

A

DNA Helicase

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15
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Joins individual nucleotides to produce the new DNA molecule, also proofreads each new DNA strand, helping maximize the odds that each molecule is perfect copy of the original DNA strand

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16
Q

If one strand of DNA if ATT CCG, what is the other complementary strand of DNA?

A

TAA, GGC

17
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA? What does each type do?

A

Messenger RNA; Carries Genetic information
Transfer RNA; Translate mRNA into proteins
Ribosomal RNA; Forms Ribosomes

18
Q

What are 4 differences between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA; 2 strands, sugar is deoxyribose, Nitrogen bases T, C, G, A, Stays in the nucleus
RNA; 1 strand, sugar is ribose, Nitrogen bases A, U, C, G, leaves the nucleus

19
Q

What is transcription? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

A

RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotides sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA; happens in the nucleus

20
Q

Briefly describe the steps of transcription.

A

RNA polymerase binds to a specific DNA molecule the promoter site, which has specific base sequences. Promoters are signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to connect to make RNA
Separation of the complementary DNA strands
RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA
RNA polymerase reaches the termination site, and newly made RNA is released
RNA moves into the cytoplasm through the Nuclear Pores. There it will be read by a ribosome to make proteins

21
Q

What enzyme is responsible for transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

22
Q

How does mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell?

A

Through nuclear pores

23
Q

If an RNA molecule contains the sequence AAC GCU, what is the sequence of the DNA molecules from which it was made?

A

TTG, CGA

24
Q

A series of 3 mRNA nitrogen bases that contains the information needed to make proteins are called what?

A

Codons

25
Q

What is the universal start codon and what amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG; Methionine

26
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

27
Q

What is translation? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

A

The sequence of nitrogenous bases (A, U, C, G) in the newly made mRNA strand is translated into a chain of amino acids (PROTEINS) in the cytoplasm at the ribosome.

28
Q

Find the mRNA strand, tRNA anticodon and amino acid sequence for the following DNA strand: TAC CCT CAT ACT

A

mRNA: AUG GGA GUA UGA
tRNA: UAC CCU CAU ACU

29
Q

briefly describe the process of translation.

A

mRNA made a copy of DNA, and enters the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores
tRNA picks up specific amino acids in the cytoplasm, and transports them to the ribosome
When a tRNA anticodon connects to the mRNA codon, the amino acid detaches and connects to the growing chain of proteins via peptide bond
tRNA detaches from mRNA and is free to go pick up new amino acids, and the mRNA strand disintegrates

30
Q

What does the word “mutation” mean?

A

Any change in a DNA strand

31
Q

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are called?

A

Point Mutation

32
Q

Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as?

A

Chromosomal Mutations

33
Q

In what way(s), if any, do most mutations change organisms?

A

Most are neutral, but some are harmful/helpful,

34
Q

What are the 3 examples of gene (point) mutations?

A

Silent mutations, Missense mutations, Nonsense mutations

35
Q

Insertions and deletions usually result in frameshift mutations. What does this mean?

A

Its shifts the reading frame resulting in every amino acid to change

36
Q

What are the 4 examples of chromosomal mutations? Explain each.

A

Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation

Biology (9 decks)

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