Pig Enteric Disease: Post-weaning Flashcards by Caitlin Riley

Name 8 common post-weaning enteric diseases.

Post-weaning E. coli enteritis
Edema disease
Salmonellosis
Proliferative enteropathy
Swine dysentery
Spirochaetal diarrhea
Colitis
Gastric Ulceration

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When are you most likely to see post-weaning e. coli diarrhea?

1-3/5 days post weaning

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What is the pathogenesis of e. coli diarrhea?

Enterotoxogenic E. coli (F4 / K88)

Bacteria adhere to brush border of SI, produce LT enterotoxin - Na and Cl ions into lumen of gut, diarrhea occurs

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CS of enterotoxigenic e. coli diarrhea?

Diarrhea (1-5 days post weaning)
Dehydration
Rough hair coat
Watery brown diarrhea
Inconsistent fever (pretty much afebrile)

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What are the 2 outcomes of enterotoxigenic e. coli diarrhea?

1) Die of dehydration

2) Recover w/ some reduction in growth rate (remain stunted)

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Transmission of post-weaning e. coli diarrhea?

Fecal- oral transmission
Fomites or carriers
Persists in buildings
Seen in successive litters

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Dx of post-weaning e. coli?

CS (1-5d post weaning), watery nature of diarrhea, Afebrile
PM changes only in SI
Demonstration of enterotoxigenic E. coli in diarrhea or SI

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Tx of post-weaning e. coli?

Water medication w/ Trimethoprim Sulphonamide, Amoxycillin, Neomycin, Ampramycin, or Colistin
Warmth, hygiene

Feed medication not as satisfactory, b/c might not eat much b/c feeling sick

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Prevention of post-weaning e. coli?

Zinc oxide in water for 1 week post-weaning and feed for 2 weeks post-weaning

-Ensure highly digestible diets b/c it may suppress appetite

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Cause of edema disease?

Verocytogenic E. coli

shiga and vero toxins

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when do you usually see Edema disease?

7-10 days after weaning (or after dietary change)

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CS of Edema disease?

7-10 days after weaning
NO DIARRHEA
ataxia, squeaky voice, head pressing, blindness
Progresses to recumbency, paddling, coma & paralysis
EDEMATOUS FOREHEAD AND EYES

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PM findings for Edema disease?

Edema of: Forehead, Large bowel and mesentery, Greater curvature of the stomach, +/- tissues / enteritis

Degeneration of media of arterioles, increased perivascular space in brain

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Dx of Edema disease?

CS (edema, squeaky voice, nervous signs)
Multiplex PCR
Edema in carcass + spaces around cerebral arterioles
Isolation of shigatoxin 2e = confirmation

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Tx for Edema disease?

Abx in water - group
(won’t help already infected animals)
If animal isn’t eating/drinking/standing w/in 3 days = euthanize

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Prevention of Edema disease?

prevent entry by isolation
Decrease stress
Gradual dietary changes
Solid > liquid feed
Reduce crude protein, increase fiber
Feed medication over period of risk
Genetically resistant pigs
Vaccine (Eco Porc Shiga)

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What causes proliferative enteropathy?

Lawsonia intracellularis

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Pathogenesis of proliferative enteropathy?

Lawsonia intracellularis - obligate intracellular bacteria
Oral infection - invades epithelial cells of the crypts of SI via endocyte vacuole formation
Crypts infected!
Capillaries burst @ crypts

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CS of proliferative enteropathy?

Pale, stunted (poor growth), anemia, +/- melena, grey “COW PAT” FECES
Can occur from weaning to adulthood

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What disease can occur as a result of proliferative enteropathy?

Proliferative hemorrhagic enteritis

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What is another name for proliferative enteropathy?

intestinal adenomatosis

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PM findings for Proliferative Enteropathy?

Pale pigs, carcass poor condition
Thickened & pale terminal ileum (“hosepipe effect”)
Bloot clots in lumen of intestines (w/ PHE), polyps
In regional ileitis = mucosa is eroded w/ muscular hypertrophy

Dx for proliferative enteropathy?

over 6 weeks of age
CS (melena, pale)
PM - (thickened terminal ileum or cecal mucosa, polyps, necrosis, or muscular hypertrophy / blood clots)
PCR
Culture (takes a few weeks)
Blood - ELISA (use this for control - to see when seroconvert)
SILVER STAINING OF TISSUE

Tx of proliferative enteropathy?

Tetracycline or Tiamulin (in water for 4-5days, feed for 10d - 3weeks)
Also use tylosin, valnemulin, and aivlosin in feed

Prevention of proliferative enteropathy?

Vaccine - live ORAL | "enterisol"

What are the 3 salmonella serotypes that affect pigs?

Typhimurium (most common), derby, choleraesuis

What is a public health concern with some serotypes of salmonella?

Zoonosis

Route of infection w/ salmonella?

oral

CS of salmonellosis?

Any age Bloody diarrhea (often foul smelling, w/ necrotic tissue) Pyrexia +/- death (infrequent, if septicemic) NECROTIC EAR TIPS (microthrombi and necrosis) RECTAL STRICTURE syndrome, occurs later

Transmission / spread of salmonella?

Shed in feces, resist drying oral infection Enter by breeding stock, feed, fomites, vectors

Where in the body is Salmonella carried?

Tonsils and cecum (terminal ileum)

Tx of salmonellosis?

Parenteral abx w/ Amoxi clav, Trimethoprim sulphonamide, Neomycin, Apramycin, or Fluoroquinolones or water / feed medication w/ those

Dx of Salmonellosis?

CS (fever, wasting, bloody diarrhea w/ necrotic material) Ear tip necrosis rectal stricture syndrome Isolation of salmonella Meat juice ELISA in abbatoir (currently suspended)

Control / Prevention of Salmonellosis?

1) Hygiene 2) all-in, all-out housing and disinfection 3) Purchase salmonella free stock 4) Vaccination (under cascade) 5) Exclude birds and flies (vector spread) 6) Meal feed > liquid feed > pelleted feed [meal feeds have less substrate to offer salmonella, and tend to be acidic which promotes salmonella death] 7) Tx cases and cull chronically affected animals 8) All farms should have salmonella control plans

What bacteria causes swine dysentery?

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

CS of swine dysentery?

Blood AND mucus on feces (mucohemorrhagic) Slow spread from pen to pen (1/4 mortality) Thin body [chronic loss of condition] NO FEVER 1/4 of pigs die

Pathogenesis of Swine Dysentery?

Oral infection LI mucosa Multiply in crypts and invade goblet & epithelial cells Inflammatory response - loss of tissue, blood, no resorprtion of Na / Cl ions

What is the main reason for death in pigs w/ swine dysentery?

Metabolic acidosis

Spread of swine dysentery?

Carrier pigs or fomites Spreads on drainage lines on farm Inactivated by UV light and heat, survives in feces and water Can infect mice

Dx Swine dysentery?

Blood and mucus in diarrhea Loss of condition PCR testing of feces / intestinal contents Isolate B. hyodysenteriae to confirm

Which enteric diseases infect the SI?

Post-weaning E. coli Edema disease Proliferative enteropathy Salmonella

Which enteric diseases infect the LI?

Swine dysentery | Spirochaetal diarrhea

Tx of swine dysentery?

Tiamulin, valnemulin, aivlosin, and lincomycin Parenteral in severe pigs, water/feed for groups Tx all pigs in drainage contact Disinfect after treatment

Control of swine dysentery? (not talking about elimination)

``` Continue meds @ low levels after tx Slats and solid partitions Tx batches into clean accomodation Eradicate by depopulation or medication Isolation prevents entry ```

Elimination of swine dysentery?

``` Full or partial depopulation Partial depopulation (remove all pigs weaned up to 10 months - and medicate remaining sucklers and breeders @ high levels) Biosecurity Get population w/ stable immunity Wash and disinfect unit thoroughly Rodent and Bird control ```

How is spirochaetal diarrhea different vs. swine dysentery?

Spirochaetal = caused by Bronchospira pilosicoli (or intermedia), no deaths, rare to find blood in feces Swine dysentery = caused by Bronchospira hydyosenteriae, 1/4 pigs die, blood and mucus in feces

What age pig (category) do you usually see gastric ulceration and what is a risk factor?

Growers and finishers on finely ground rations other risk factors: high wheat diet (>55%)

CS of gastric ulceration?

Pale and sometimes abdominal pain (can be severe) +/- melena hypothermic

PM findings for gastric ulcerations?

Pale carcass ulcerations in pars esophagus (early lesions = roughening of pars esophagus) blood clots in stomach altered blood in gut, mucosa normal

Tx for gastric ulcers?

Decrease stress! no specific tx Decrease wheat content of diet, increase feed particle size, provide dietary fiber

Which diseases can you carry out serology?

Salmonellosis or Lawsonia (proliferative enteropathy)

When you can't give the whole pig for sampling (or clinical picture doesn't justify it), what type of samples would be preferred next?

pooled fecal samples for PCR and culture ?

Why do you never seen elephants hiding in trees?

Because they're so good at it