Piaget's stages of intellectual development Flashcards

1
Q

what are the stages of intellectual development in order

A
  1. sensorimotor stage (approximately 0-2 years)
  2. pre-operational stage
  3. stage of concrete to operations
  4. stage of frontal operations
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2
Q

when does the sensorimotor stage occur

A

approximately 0-2 years

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3
Q

what is the sensorimotor stage

A

according to Piaget, a baby focus is on physical sensations and developing some basic physical co-ordination
Children learn by trial and error that they can deliberately move their body in particular ways, and eventually that they can move other objects

The baby also develops an understanding during the first 2 years that other people are separate objects and acquire some basic language

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4
Q

what happens 8 months into the sensorimotor stage

A

object permanence

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5
Q

what is object permanence

A

understanding that objects still exist when they are out of sight

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6
Q

how did Piaget observe object permanence and what was his findings

A

Piaget observed babies looking at objects as they were removed from sight throughout the first year

He noted that before wight months, children immediately switched their attention away from the object once it was out of sight

around 8 months they would continue to look for it. This led Piaget to believe that it was at this age that children understood that objects continue to exist when removed from view

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7
Q

what stages does the pre-operational stage occur

A

approximately around 2-7 years

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8
Q

what happens to a child t 2 years

A

the toddler is mobile and can use language but still lacks reasoning ability

This means that they display some characteristic error in reasoning

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9
Q

what occurs in the pre-operational stage

A

conservation

egocentrism

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10
Q

what is conservation

A

conservation is the basic mathematical understanding that quantity remains constant even when the appearance of an object changes

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11
Q

how did Piaget demonstrate conservation

A

He placed two identical rows of counters side by side
Even young children correctly reasoned that each row of counters had the same number

When two containers are placed side by side with the contents at the same height, most children spotted that they contain the same volume.
However, if the liquid is poured into a taller thinner vessel, younger children typically believed there is more liquid in the taller vessel

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12
Q

what were the findings from his conservation study

A
  1. when the counters in one of the rows were pushed together, pre - operational children struggled to conserve and usually said there were fewer counters
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13
Q

what is egocentrism

A

egocentrism is to see the world only from one-s own point of view

Piaget and Inhelder conducted a “three mountain task” to test egocentrism

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14
Q

what is the “three mountain task”

A

children were shown three moutains, each with a different feature:

-a cross
-a house
-snow
A doll was placed at the side of the model so that it faced the scene from a different angle to the child
The child was asked what the doll would “see” from a range of pictures

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15
Q

what were the findings of the “three mountain task”

A

Pre-operational children tended to find this difficult and often chose the picture that matched the scene from their own point of view

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16
Q

what is class inclusion

A

the idea that objects fall into categories

most early pre-operational stage children begin to understand the classification so they cal classify retrievers as dogs

17
Q

how was class inclusion studied

A

Piaget and Inhelder (1964) showed 7-8 years old children 5 dogs and 2 cats and asked:
“Are there more dogs or animals”
the children tended to respond more dogs

18
Q

what are the findings of the class inclusion

A

younger children can’t simultaneously see a dog as a member of the dog class and the animal class

Therefore, children under the age of 7 struggle with the more advanced skill of class inclusion, the idea that classifications have subsets

19
Q

when does the concrete operations stage happen

A

7-11 years

20
Q

what can children do when they reach the concrete operation stage

A

most children:

  • conserve
  • perform better tasks of egocentrism and class inclusion

they have better reasoning abilities

21
Q

what can children not do in the concrete operation

A

although children have better reasoning abilities - operations

These are strictly concrete operations meaning they can be only applied to physical objects in the child’s presence
They still struggle to reason about abstract ideas and to imagine objects or situations they cannot see

Those more advanced abilities appear in the final stage of formal operations

22
Q

when does the formal operations stage occur

A

11+

23
Q

what occurs in the formal operational stage

A

Piaget believed that from about 11 years of age, children became capable of formal reasoning

This means that children become able to focus on the form of an argument and not be distracted by its content

24
Q

how can we test formal operations

A

formal reasoning can be tested by means of syllogisms e.g.

“all yellow cats have two heads. I have a yellow cat called Charlie. How many heads does Chalie have?”

25
Q

how did the children answer the syllogism

A

the answer is two (Smith et al 1998)
Piaget found that younger children became distracted by the content and answered that cats do not really have two heads

Piaget believed that once children reason formally they are capable of scientific reasoning and become able to appreciate abstract ideas