Phytochemicals And Phytonutrients

Question 1

5 functions of Polyphenols in plants

Answer 1

–Protection against herbivores and microbial infection
–Attraction of pollinators and seed-dispersing animals
–Allelopathic agents
–UV protection
–Cell signaling for formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules

Question 2

•Polyphenol intake has been associated with prevention of several diseases, including (4 things)

Answer 2

cancer, CVD, diabetes, and impaired cognitive function

Question 3

6 categories of flavonoids

Answer 3

1. Flavonols
2. Flavones
3. Isoflavones
4. Flavanones
5. Anthocyanidins
6. Flavan-3-ols

Question 4

The majority of flavonoids occur as ______ rather than aglycone

Answer 4

glycosides

Question 5

4 categories of non flavonoids

Answer 5

1. Gallic acid
2. Ellagic acid
3. Chlorogenic acid
4. Stilbenes (resveratrol)

Question 6

3 Most common flavanols are

Answer 6

kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin

Question 7

Quercetin is present in high amounts in what foods

Answer 7

red and yellow onions

Question 8

How do flavones differ from flavanols

Answer 8

Similar to flavonols in structure but lack oxygen at C-3

Question 9

Flavones are present in what 3 things

Answer 9

Celery
Parsley
Some herbs

Question 10

Flavanols and flavones both occur as

Answer 10

Glycosides

Question 11

Where isoflavones found

Answer 11

almost exclusively in legumes like soy

Question 12

Heats effects on the amount of isoflavones in soy products

Answer 12

decreases the content of isoflavones in soy products

Question 13

2 main isoflavones in soy products

Answer 13

Daidzein and genistein

Question 14

Fermented soy products are rich in

Answer 14

aglycone forms of daidzein and genistein as a result of hydrolysis of the glycosides

Question 15

–Isoflavones are classified as phytoestrogens because of

Answer 15

the structural similarity with estrogen

Question 16

2 main flavonones

Answer 16

Naringenin and hesperetin

Question 17

Flavonones are usually present as glycosides

T/F

Answer 17

T

Question 18

Where are flavonones mainly found

Answer 18

Present in high amounts in citrus fruits

Question 19

Gallic acid found?

Answer 19

found in green and black tea

Question 20

Gallic acid 2 main roles

Answer 20

Main roles in human health are as antioxidants and in chemoprevention

Question 21

Ellagic acid found in what 7 things

Answer 21

raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, walnuts, hazelnuts, persimmons, pomegranates

Question 22

4 effects of ellagic acid

Answer 22

–Anti-inflammatory
–Anti-estrogenic
–Antimicrobial
–Antioxidant

Question 23

Chlorogenic acid found in

Answer 23

Coffee

Question 24

Stillbenes (resveratrol) found in

Answer 24

found in red and white wine

Question 25

–Intake of flavan-3-ol-rich cocoa and chocolate have been shown to significantly decrease what?

Answer 25

systolic blood pressure in normal and hypertensive subjects

Question 26

Intake of flavan-3-ol-rich cocoa from 2 to 12 weeks has been shown to improve

Answer 26

endothelial vasodilation in different populations

Question 27

Other effects of short term consumption of flavan-3-ol-rich cocoa are: 4 things

Answer 27

inhibition of platelet activation, decrease in LDL, increase in HDL, and improvement in insulin resistance in various populations

Question 28

Role of glucosinolates in plants

Answer 28

•Protection against predators

Question 29

Protection from glucosinolates only occurs when?

Answer 29

Myrosinase comes into contact with glucosinolates

Question 30

5 mechanisms by which glucosinolates protect from cancer

Answer 30

``` –Inhibition of phase I enzymes –Stimulation of phase II enzymes –Inhibition of cell proliferation –Stimulation of apoptosis –Epigenetic regulation ```

Question 31

Inhibition of phase I enzymes has what effect

Answer 31

Decreases the activation of carcinogens

Question 32

Stimulation of phase II enzymes has what effect

Answer 32

•Increases excretion of carcinogens

Question 33

–Stimulation of apoptosis has what effect

Answer 33

•Increases programmed death of an injured cell

Question 34

Epigenic regulation has what effect

Answer 34

•Decrease in methylation of the promoter region of certain genes

Question 35

8 benefits of phytochemicals and phytonutrients

Answer 35

``` –antioxidant –anti-bacterial –anti-fungal –anti-inflammatory –anti-cancer –neuroprotective –hypolipidemic –anti-allergy ```