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aa NUTR 420 > phytochemicals > Flashcards

phytochemicals Flashcards

1
Q

Phytochemical

Sometimes referred to as phytonutrients.

A

any chemical or nutrient derived from a plant source.

In common usage have more limited definition. Usually refer to compounds found in plants not required for normal functioning of the body but which have a beneficial effect on health or an active role in the amelioration of disease.

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2
Q

Carotenoids

Functional components

Source

Potential benefits

A

Alpha-carotene Beta-carotene, Lutein

Carrots, Fruits, Vegetables

Neutralize free radicals, which may cause damage to cells

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3
Q

Dietary Fibre

what 3 fibres

A

Insoluble fibre, beta-glucan, soluble fibre

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4
Q

insoluble fibre
Beta-Glucan
soluble fibre

A

INsoluble fibre:What bran: Reduce risk of breast or colon cancer

Beta-glucan: Oats, barley, psyllium:
Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease.

Soluble fibre: psyllium: Protect against heart disease and some cancers; lower LDL and total cholesterol

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5
Q

Fatty Acids

2

A

Long chain omega -3 Fatty Acids-DHA/EPA
and
CLAs

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6
Q

Long chain omega -3 Fatty Acids-DHA/EPA

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

A

Salmon and other fish oils: Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Improve mental, visual functions.

Cheese, meat products: Improve body composition. Decrease risk of certain cancers

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7
Q

Anthocyanidins

A

Fruits

Neutralize free radicals; reduce risk of cancer

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8
Q

Lignans

A

Flax, rye, vegetables

Prevention of cancer, renal failure

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9
Q

Tannins (proanthocyanidins)

A

Cranberries, cranberry products, cocoa, chocolate

Improve urinary tract health. Reduce risk of cardiovascular disease

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10
Q

Plant Sterols

Stanol ester

A

Corn, soy, wheat, wood oils

Lower blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol absorption

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11
Q

Prebiotics/Probiotics

A

Jerusalem Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS):
artichokes, shallots, onion powder

Improve quality of intestinal microflora; gastrointestinal health

Lactobacillus
Yogurt, Other dairy

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12
Q

Soy Phytoestrogens

Isoflavones: Daidzein Genistein

A

Soybeans and soy-based foods

Menopause symptoms, such as hot flashes Protect against heart disease and some cancers; lower LDL and total cholesterol

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13
Q

Antioxidant

A

Protect cells against oxidative damage and reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Phytochemicals with antioxidant activity: allyl sulfides (onions, leeks, garlic), carotenoids (fruits, carrots), flavonoids (fruits, vegetables), polyphenols (tea, grapes).

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14
Q

Hormonal action

A

Isoflavones, found in soy, imitate human estrogens and help to reduce menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis

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15
Q

Stimulation of enzymes

A

Indoles, found in cabbages, stimulate enzymes that make estrogen less effective and could reduce the risk for breast cancer. Isothiocyanates, also from cabbages, stimulate expression of antioxidant enzymes. Other phytochemicals, which interfere with enzymes, are protease inhibitors (soy and beans), and terpenes (citrus fruits and cherries).

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16
Q

Interference with DNA replication

A

Saponins found in beans interfere with the replication of cell DNA, thereby preventing the multiplication of cancer cells. Capsaicin, found in hot peppers, protects DNA from carcinogens.

17
Q

Anti-bacterial effect

A
  • The phytochemical allicin from garlic has anti- bacterial properties.
18
Q

Polyphenols

A

a compound containing more than one phenolic hydroxyl group.

Flavonoids – eg. flavonols, catechins, anthocyanins
Phenolic acids – caffeic acid, gallic acid
Isoflavones – genestein, diadzein
Lignans – eg. from flaxseed
Others – resveratrol, sesaminol, curcumin, capsaicin, ellagic acid, tannins, humulon, hydroxytyrosol

19
Q

Organosulfur compounds

A

Diallyl sulfides
Dithiolthiones
Glucosinolates/isothiocyanates

20
Q

Terpenoids

A

Monoterpenes – limonene, carvone
Triterpenes – limonin, nomilin
Saponins - ginsenosides
Ginkgolides

21
Q

phytochemicals Differ from traditional nutrients in that

A

not necessary for normal metabolism and absence doesn’t result in a deficiency disease – at least not on the timescale normally attributed to such phenomena.

22
Q

phtochemical effects on the body

A

Have many effects in the body. For example, they may promote the function of the immune system, act directly against bacteria or viruses, reduce inflammation, or be associated with the treatment and/or prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease or any other malady affecting the health or well-being of an individual

23
Q

Phenolics

A

hydroxyl group bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group

Anthocyanidins
Catechins
Flavonones
Flavones
Lignans
Tannins (proanthocyanidins)
24
Q

Catechins

A

Tea

25
Q

Flavonones

vs. flavones

A

Citrus

fruit/vegetable

aa NUTR 420 (10 decks)

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