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PharmD Program Semester 1 > Physiology Reproductive System > Flashcards

Physiology Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Genotypic vs Phenotypic Sex

A

Genotypic is the chromosome combination

Phenotypic is based on the physical anatomy and hormones

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2
Q

What determines the sex of the zygote?

A

The sperm determines the genotypic sex of the zygote

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3
Q

What does bipotential fetus mean and how does that come about?

A

Bipotential fetus means that fetus can become male or female due to the SRY protein being present or not present

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4
Q

Mullerian ducts

A

Precursor to ovo-uterine system internal organs

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5
Q

Genital Ridges

A

Become either ovaries or testes

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6
Q

Wolffian ducts

A

Precursor to testicular system internal organs

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7
Q

10 weeks gestation for testicular system

A

Activate SRY gene on Y chromosome, producing testis-determining factor

Genital ridges differentiate into testes

Sertoli cells secrete anti-Mullerian hormone

Leydig cells secrete testosterone, converting Wolffian ducts into seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and epididymis

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8
Q

10 weeks gestation for Ovo-uterine system

A

Genital ridges become ovaries

Wolffian ducts regress

Mullerian ducts become fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina

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9
Q

Differentiation of External Genitalia: Testicular system

A

5a-reductase converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

Creates penis, penile urethra, and scrotum

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10
Q

Differentiation of external genitalia: Ovo-uterine system

A

No testosterone causes clitoris, and the labia minora and majora to form

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11
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Germ cells exist within embryonic gonad

Mitotic divisions increase number of germ cells

Meiosis goes through primary, secondary, and haploid gamete

Different timing of meiosis in spermatogenesis and oogenesis

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12
Q

Hormone control of reproduction

A

Brain controls reproduction through GnRH and pituitary gonadotropins (FSH and LH)

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13
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

First starts with mitosis, creating more genetic material.

Second is Meiosis 1, splitting into two secondary spermatocytes with full set of information.

Next is Meiosis 2, making 4 spermatid, each with half of a copy of genetic information.

Lastly, there is spermiogenesis, making a spermatozoa for each spermatid, having a flagella to move around.

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14
Q

Oogenesis

A

Mitosis first, makes primary oocyte

Meiosis 1 next, makes primary oocyte, stops in prophase 1 before birth

Meiosis 1 finishes after puberty, make secondary oocyte and first polar body

Meiosis 2 begins before sperm penetration, but finishes after sperm penetration, making mature ovum and second polar bodies

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15
Q

Uterus internal anatomy

A

Pear shaped and 7 cm long and 5 cm diameter

Protection for embryo

Nutritional support for embryo

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16
Q

Vagina internal anatomy

A

Extends from cervix to external genitalia

Cervix projects from uterus into vaginal canal

Fornix is edges of the cervix

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17
Q

Ovary internal anatomy

A

Thick outer cortex for gamete production

Inner medulla is the nerves and blood vessels

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18
Q

FSH and LH levels over lifetime

A

Peaks after birth may be due to high levels of maternal estrogen during fetal development

FSH results in stimulation of granulosa cells to produce estradiol which may ready them for the boost in production at puberty

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19
Q

Age and Oogenesis

A

At puberty there are about 200,000 primordial follicles per ovary

Forty years later, only about 500 will have been ovulated with the rest decomposing

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20
Q

Phases of the Ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase: Proliferation of granulosa cells, development of antrum, and maturation of oocyte

Ovulation: Ripened follicle bursts, releasing oocyte

Luteal phase: Ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum

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21
Q

Hormonal regulation of ovulation

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate ovarian cycle and ovulation.

GNRH activates the anterior pituitary producing LH and FSH, which stimulate production of estrogen and progesterone by ovaries

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22
Q

Follicular Phase

A

FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow

Estradiol has negative feedback on GNRH, FSH, and LH production

Thickens endometrium

There is a dominant follicle

Corona radiata: Granulosa cells attached to oocyte

Meiosis 1 complete

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23
Q

Ovulation phase

A

LH and FSH stimulate maturation of growing follicles

Estradiol stimulates GNRH, FSH, and LH production

LH surge 24 hours before triggers ovulation

High estrogens become positive feedback, increasing sensitivity of FSH and LH-secreting cells to GNRH

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24
Q

Luteal Phase

A

LH stimulates formation of corpus luteum from leftover follicular tissue

Granulosa and theca cells differentiate into luteal cells

Progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin inhibits GNRH, FSH, and LH production, also maintaining endometrium

Corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans after about 14 days and cycle begins again after that

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25
Q

Follicular Phase Hormones and what they act on

A

FSH acts on granulose cells, inducing proliferation

LH acts on thecal cells, producing androgens

Estrogen stimulates granulosa cell proliferation

AHM, no development of follicles in this cycle

26
Q

Follicles and their different types

A

Primary follicle: Growing, single layer of granulosa cells around oocyte, zona pellucida is clear zone around oocyte

Secondary follicle: Growing, 3-6 layers of granulosa cells, pre-antral, theca appears

Tertiary follicle: Growing. fluid filled antrum appears, one will become dominant follicle

27
Q

Uterus and Uterine Cycle features

A

Uterine wall lining: Myometrium

Lining: Endometrium

28
Q

Endometrial lining: Uterine Cycle

A

Menses: Bleeding from uterus as endometrium is shed

Proliferative phase: Endometrium grows in preparation for pregnancy

Secretory phase: Endometrial secretions promote implantation

29
Q

Proliferative phase details (Uterine)

A

Concurrent with follicular maturation and influenced by estrogens

Endometrium is thin (1-3 mm)

30
Q

Secretory phase details (Uterine)

A

Concurrent with luteal phase and dominated by progesterone

Endometrium thickens (6 mm)

Endometrial secretions promote implantation

30
Q

Phases of the Uterine cycle

A

Proliferative phase

Secretory phase

Menstrual phase

31
Q

Menstrual phase (Uterine)

A

Begins as hormone production by corpus luteum declines

Endometrium becomes necrotic and is shed

32
Q

When does fertilization occur in ovulation?

A

24 hours after it happens

33
Q

What is capacitation

A

Release of acrosomal enzymes allow sperm penetration of zona pelicula

34
Q

Timing of fertilization steps

A

Start: Ovulation
Day 1: Fertilization
Days 2-4: Cell division takes place
Days 4-5: Blastocyst reaches uterus
Days 5-6: Blastocyst implants in uterus lining

34
Q

Steps of fertilization

A

Step 1: Sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse, triggering the cortical reaction, first polar body expelled

Step 2: Sperm nucleus moves into cytoplasm of egg

Step 3: Oocyte nucleus completes meiotic division

Step 4: Sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form zygote nucleus, second polar body expelled

35
Q

Placenta and continuing development details

A

Chorion, amnion, and yolk

Placenta continues to grow during pregnancy

Embryo obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother through placenta and umbilical cord

36
Q

Chorion (Placenta)

A

Encloses the developing embryo

37
Q

Amnion (Placenta)

A

Secretes amniotic fluid, suspending the embryo

38
Q

Chorionic villi

A

Forms close connection with endometrium blood vessels

Enzymes from villi break down maternal vessel walls

39
Q

Placental Hormones list

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

Estrogen and progesterone

40
Q

hCG and hPL (Placental hormones) details

A

hCG: Rescues corpus luteum
Stimulates testosterone production by testes in developing male fetus

hPL: Breast development
Alter glucose and fat metabolism to support fetal growth

41
Q

Parturition (Birth) steps

A

Step 1: Fully developed fetus points head down usually, can be head up

Step 2: Cervical dilation: Uterine contractions push the head against the softened cervix, stretching and dilating it

Step 3: Delivery: Once fully dilated, the uterus contraction pushes the baby through the vagina

Placenta detaches and is released after the fetus

42
Q

Labor onset

A

Stimulated by stretch of cervix

43
Q

Oxytocin (Hormone)

A

Stretch stimulates release

Stimulates prostaglandin release

Positive feedback: Contractions stimulate more oxytocin release till fetus is delivered

44
Q

Penis cross section details

A

Three cylinders of cavernous erectile tissue

Two dorsal corpora cavernosa

One ventral corpus spongiosum, ends in glans

44
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm maturation

45
Q

Testicular system anatomy

A

External: Penis and scrotum

Passageway: Urethra

Accessory glands and ducts: Prostate, seminal vesicle, and bulbourethral

45
Q

Descent of the testes

A

Testicle development requires a temperature around 98.6 F, develops within abdominal cavity

Sperm development requires a temperature around 96.6 F

45
Q

Vas deferens

A

Passageway into abdomen and delivery to the urethra

45
Q

Testes

A

Sperm production: Spermatogenesis

46
Q

Leydig cells

A

Interstitial space between coils of the seminiferous tubules

Secrete testosterone

Stimulated by LH from anterior pituitary

47
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Maintain blood-testis barrier by enveloping developing sperm cells

Secretion of inhibin or activin
Inhibin inhibits FSH, activin stimulates FSH

Secretion of androgen-binding protein
Binds testosterone within the seminiferous tubules so testosterone will continue to have an effect on spermatogenesis

48
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

Occluding junctions of Sertoli cells form a diffusion barrier

Barrier maintains luminal environment favorable for sperm maturation

Prevents sperm from contacting immune system

49
Q

Sperm anatomy

A

Head: Contains chromosomes and acrosomal cap consisting of enzymes, hyaluronidase, necessary for fertilization

Middle piece: Contains mitochondria

Tail: Called flagellum, mobility of the sperm cell

50
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm cells move from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis to mature

Head: Receives spermatozoa

Body: Coiled tubes pass through the body

Tail: Tubes begin to uncoil to become a single tube called the ductus deferens

51
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Secretes fructose and nutrients to nourish sperm

Prostaglandins to aid contraction and sperm transport

52
Q

Prostate gland

A

Buffers

Enzymes

Zinc

53
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Thick, sticky, alkaline mucus and buffers

54
Q

Semen details

A

Each ejaculation releases 2-5 mL of semen

Ejaculate consists of spermatozoa and seminal fluid

Spermatozoa: 15-200 million per mL

Seminal fluid: 60% from the seminal vesicles, 30% from the prostate, 5% from the bulbourethral, and 5% from the epididymis

PharmD Program Semester 1 (11 decks)

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