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9/4/23 > Physiology, Pharmacology Core Questions > Flashcards

Physiology, Pharmacology Core Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

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2
Q

Asthma medication with tremor side effect - which medication is it ?

A

Beta-2 agonist e.g. salbutamol
(SABA and LABA)

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3
Q

Cephalic phase of gastric secretion =

A

Thought, sight, smell of food

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4
Q

Gastric phase of gastric secretion =

A

Stomach distension + raised pH of stomach contents = release of HCl by parietal cells

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5
Q

Intestinal phase of gastric secretion =

A

Chyme enters from the stomach
causing stretching of the duodenum

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6
Q

3 phases of gastric secretion

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
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7
Q

Which ions are responsible for increasing the contractile force of cardiomyocytes ?

A

Calcium

(calcium binds to troponin which decreases the length of the cardiomyocytes’ sarcomeres)

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8
Q

Osteocytes are derived from … ?

A

Osteoclasts

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9
Q

Osteoclasts are responsible for ?

A

Bone resorption

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10
Q

Order of waves on an ECG ?

A

P wave - atrial depolarisation
QRS complex - ventricular depolarisation
T wave - ventricular repolarisation

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11
Q

Most important determinant of membrane solubility ?

A

Lipid solubility

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12
Q

What receptors does adrenaline act on to increase heart rate ?

A

Beta-1 adrenoceptors

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13
Q

Haemoglobin - what are the constituent subunits ?

A

2 alpha subunits
2 beta subunits

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14
Q

Normal female chromosomal arrangement

A

46 chromosomes
22 autosomes + XX sex chromosomes

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15
Q

How does insulin work to reduce blood glucose ?

A

Increases glycogen synthesis

  • activates hexokinase which phosphorylates glucose
  • inhibits the conversion of glycogen to glucose
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16
Q

MOA of Bendrofluomethiazide

A

Blocks Na/Cl transport channels in the distal convoluted tubule to prevent sodium reabsorption
More sodium leaves blood therefore reduces blood pressure

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17
Q

Drug class and MOA of paracetamol ?

A

Non-selective COX-2 inhibitor
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

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18
Q

ACE inhibitors electrolyte abnormality

A

Hyperkalaemia

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19
Q

Na/K+ pump - source of energy

A

Hydrolysis of ATP (ACTIVE TRANSPORT)

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20
Q

NSAIDs MOA

A

Inhibit cyclooxygenase
which decreases prostaglandin production

21
Q

Diabetic drug causing pitting oedema

A

Pioglitazone

22
Q

Amiodarone causes which thyroid abnormality ?

A

Hypothyroidism

+ less commonly, hyperthyroidism

23
Q

Hyperaldosteronism clinical features

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy and headaches

24
Q

Which diabetic drug can cause lactic acidosis ?

A

Metformin

25
Q

Gliclazide side effects

A

Hypoglycaemia

(Gliclazide = SULFONYLUREA)

26
Q

Which zone of adrenal glands are mineralocorticoids produced ?

A

Zona glomerulosa

  • aldosterone
27
Q

How do sulphonylureas increase the release of insulin ?

A

Inhibit potassium channels
causing repolarisation
thereby facilitating action potentials which release insulin

28
Q

Anti-TPO antibodies

A

Hashimoto’s

29
Q

Initial screening test for acromegaly ?

A

Serum IgF-1

(to confirm diagnosis, do an oral glucose tolerance test)

30
Q

What is a pituitary apoplexy ?

A

Rare emergency - bleeding into the pituitary gland
- occurs in patients who have pituitary tumours

31
Q

How does a pituitary tumour cause ocular problems ?

A

Compresses the contents of the cavernous sinus

32
Q

Treatment for pituitary apoplexy

A

Immediate hydrocortisone injection

33
Q

Diagnostic glucose level for Type 2 diabetes

A

> 7mmol/L

6.1-6.7 = Pre-diabetes

34
Q

Sudden back pain following heavy lifting
Straight leg raise is painful.

A

Lumbar disc herniation

35
Q

Difference between diffuse and limited systemic sclerosis

A

Diffuse = skin problems go up past elbows

36
Q

Antibody for limited systemic sclerosis ?

A

Anti-centromere

37
Q

Antibody for diffuse systemic sclerosis ?

A

Anti-Scl70

38
Q

Anti-Ro and Anti-La

A

Sjogren’s

39
Q

Polymyositis vs Polymyalgia rheumatica

A

Polymyositis = weakness

Polymyalgia = pain

40
Q

First line medication for glaucoma =

A

Latanoprost (a prostaglandin analogue)

41
Q

Side effects of latanoprost ?

A
  • excessive eyelash growth
  • brown pigmentation of the iris
42
Q

MOA of latanoprost ?

A

Increases uveoscleral outflow

43
Q

Foot eversion weak and ankle jerk is affected
What nerve root is affected ?

A

S1

44
Q

Severe pain and blurring of vision following ocular trauma

A

Retrobulbar haemorrhage causing orbital compartment syndrome

45
Q

Treatment for orbital compartment syndrome ?

A

Urgent lateral canthatomy

46
Q

Felty’s syndrome triad

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis, neutropenia and splenomegaly

47
Q

Mild SLE treatment

A

Hydroxychloroquine + NSAIDs
Corticosteroids for flares

48
Q

Right esotropia (inward squint)
What happens when left eye is covered ?

A

Right eye moves outwards to take up fixation

9/4/23 (4 decks)

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