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Renal Step 1 > Physiology Part 1 > Flashcards

Physiology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Total body weight is _______ nonwater mass and _____ total body water

A

40%, 60%

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2
Q

Total body water is _____ extracellular fluid and ______ intracellular fluid

A

1/3, 2/3

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3
Q

Extracellular fluid is _____ plasma volume and _____ interstitial volume

A

1/4, 3/4

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4
Q

What is the 60-40-20 rule?

A

60% TBW, 40% ICF, and 20% ECF

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5
Q

Plasma volume is measured by _____

A

radiolabeled albumin

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6
Q

Extracellular volume is measured by ______

A

inulin

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7
Q

Osmolarity is _____

A

290 mOsm/L

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8
Q

The GF barrier is responsible for filtration of plasma according to _____ and _______

A

size, net charge

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9
Q

The GF barrier is composed of____, _______, and _________

A

Fenestrated capillary endothelium
Fused GBM with heparan sulfate
Epithelial layer with podocyte food processes

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10
Q

Fenestrated capillary endothelium is the _______

A

size barrier

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11
Q

Fused GBM is the _________

A

negative charge barrier

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12
Q

_______ is lost in nephrotic syndrome

A

Charge barrier

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13
Q

What does nephrotic syndrome result in?

A

albuminuria
hypoproteinemia
generalized edema
hyperlipidemia

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14
Q

What is the renal clearance?

A

Volume of plasma from which the substance is completely cleared/time

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15
Q

What is the equation for Cx?

A

Cx=(UxV)/Px

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16
Q

What if Cx<GFR?

A

Net tubular reabsorption of X

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17
Q

What if Cx>GFR?

A

Net tubular secretion of X

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18
Q

What if Cx=GFR?

A

No net secretion or reabsorption of X

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19
Q

_______ can be used to calculate GFR because it is _________ and is neither _______ nor ________

A

Inulin clearance
freely filtered
reabsorbed
secreted

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20
Q

What is the equation for GFR?

A

GFR=Kf(Pgc-Pbs)-(PIEgc-PIEbs) where PIEbs is usually zero

Also UV/P because equals Cinulin

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21
Q

What is the normal GFR?

A

100mL/min

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22
Q

______ is an approximate measure of GFR.

A

Creatinine clearance

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23
Q

Creatinine clearance slightly _________ GFR because creatinine is moderately _________ by the renal tubules

A

overestimates

secreted

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24
Q

Incremental reductions in GFR define what?

A

The stages of CKD

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25
Q

Effective Renal Plasma Flow (ERPF) can be estimated using ______ because it is both ______ and actively _______ in the _______.

A

PAH clearance
Filtered
Actively secreted
Proximal tubule

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26
Q

All PAH that enters the kidney is ________

A

Excreted

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27
Q

What is the equation for RBF?

A

RBF=RPF/(1-Hct)

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28
Q

ERPF underestimates RPF by ______

A

about 10%

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29
Q

ERPF equation?

A

ERPF=UV/P=Cpah

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30
Q

FF=

A

FF=GFR/RPF

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31
Q

FF is noramlly….

A

20%

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32
Q

Filtered Load=

A

FL=(GFR)X(Px)

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33
Q

GFR can be estimated with _________

A

Creatinine Clearance

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34
Q

RPF can be estimated with ___________

A

PAH Clearance

35
Q

Prostaglandins _______

A

Dilate afferent arteriole

36
Q

Prostaglandins ___ RPF, ____ GFR, and FF _____

A

Increase
Increase
Constant

37
Q

What inhibits prostaglandins?

A

NSAIDs

38
Q

AngII ________

A

Preferentially constricts efferent arteriole

39
Q

AngII ______ RPF, ________ GFR, and FF_______

A

Decrease
Increase
Increase

40
Q

Afferent Arteriole Constriction ____ RPF, ____ GFR, _____ FF

A

Decrease
Decrease
No Change

41
Q

Efferent Arteriole Constriction ____ RPF, _____ GFR, ______ FF

A

Decrease
Increase
Increase

42
Q

Increased plasma protein Concentration ____ RPF, ______ GFR, _________ FF

A

No Change
Decrease
Decrease

43
Q

Decreased plasma protein concentration ___RPF, _____ GFR, ______ FF

A

No Change
Increase GFR
Increased FF

44
Q

Constriction of ureter _____ RPF, ______ GFR, ____ FF

A

No change
Decreases
Decreases

45
Q

Excretion Rate=

A

(V)X(Ux)

46
Q

Reabsorption=

A

Filtered-Excreted

47
Q

Secretion=

A

Excreted-Filtered

48
Q

Glucose at normal plasma level is ______ reabsorbed in _________ by _________.

A

Completely
Proximal tubule
Na/Glucose cotransporter

49
Q

Glucosuria (threshold) begins at _______

A

160 mg/dL

50
Q

All transporters are fully saturated (Tm) at _____

A

350 mg/dL

51
Q

Glucosuria is an important clinical clue to ______

A

Diabetes Mellitus

52
Q

Normal pregnancy reduces reabsorption of ______ and _____ in the _______.

A

Glucose
Amino Acids
Proximal tubule

53
Q

Normal pregnancy leads to ______ and _______

A

Glucosuria

Aminoaciduria

54
Q

Amino Acids are cleared by ____________ in the ________

A

Sodium dependent transporters

Proximal tubule

55
Q

What is Hartnup’s disease?

A

Deficiency in neutral amino acids (trytophan) transporter

56
Q

What does Hartnup’s disease result in?

A

Pellagra

57
Q

What blocks AngII?

A

ACE Inhibitor

58
Q

Early PT contains _____

A

Brush Border

59
Q

What does the early PT reabsorb all of?

A

Glucose and Amino acids

60
Q

What does early PT reabsorb most of?

A 
Bicarbonate
Sodium
Chloride
Phosphate
Water
61
Q

PT results in ______ absorption

A

Isotonic

62
Q

PT generates and secretes _____, which acts as what?

A

Ammonia

Buffer for secreted H+

63
Q

In the PT, PTH inhibits _________

A

Na/Phosphate cotransporter

64
Q

In the PT, PTH results in what?

A

Phosphate excretion

65
Q

In the PT, ATII stimulates _________

A

Na/H exchange

66
Q

In the PT, ATII results in what?

A

Increased Na, H20, and HCO3 reabsorption

67
Q

In the PT, ATII permits what?

A

Contraction alkalosis (increase in blood pH as a results of fluid loss)

68
Q

How much of Na is reabsorbed in the PT?

A

60-80%

69
Q

Thin Desc. LOH _____ reabsorbs water via __________, because it is _______ to sodium.

A

passively
medullary hypertonicity
impermeable to sodium

70
Q

Thin Desc. LOH can be described as the _______ segment as it makes urine _______.

A

Concentrating

Hypertonic

71
Q

Thick Asc. LOH actively reabsorbs _______

A

Na
K
Cl

72
Q

Thic Asc. LOH induces paracellular reabsorption of ____ through _________ generated by _______.

A

Mg, Ca
Positive lumen potential
K backleak

73
Q

Thick Asc. LOH is _______ to water

A

impermeable

74
Q

Thick Asc. LOH makes urine ________ as it ascends

A

Dilute

75
Q

How much of Na is reabsorbed in the Thick Asc. LOH?

A

10-20%

76
Q

Early Distal Convoluted tubule actively reabsorbs ________

A

Na

Cl

77
Q

Early Distal Convoluted tubule makes urine _____tonic

A

hypo

78
Q

PTH does what in the early distal convoluted tubule?

A

Increases Ca/Na exchange

79
Q

PTH leads to what in the early distal convoluted tubule?

A

Ca reabsorption

80
Q

How much Na is reabsorbed in the early distal convoluted tubule?

A

5-10%

81
Q

Collecting Tubules reabsorb _____ in exchange for secreting _____ and ______. This is regulated by ______.

A

Na
K, H
Aldosterone

82
Q

Aldosterone in the collecting tubules acts on ______ receptor and leads to _______.

A

Mineralocorticoid receptor

Insertion of Na channel on luminal side

83
Q

ADH in the collecting tubules acts at _____ receptor and leads to _____.

A

V2

insertion of Aquaporin water channels on luminal side

84
Q

How much Na is reabsorbed in the collecting tubules?

A

3-5%

Renal Step 1 (6 decks)

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