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Physiology > Physiology: Pancreatic Hormones > Flashcards

Physiology: Pancreatic Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Pancreatic Cell Types

A

Alpha Cells - Glucagon
Beta Cells - Insulin
Delta Cells - Somatostatin
F Cells - Pancreatic Polypeptide

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2
Q

Insulin

A

Protein hormone
Synthesized by Beta Cells
Stored in secretory granules
Secreted by exocytosis

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3
Q

Insulin Synthesis and Secretion

A

Glycolysis: Glucose - GK - G6P - Pyruvate - high ATP, closes K channels, opens Ca channels, Ca causes vesicle to release insulin

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4
Q

Insulin Synthesis and Secretion from Amino Acids, Ketoacids, Fatty Acids

A

Cannot be burned by metabolism, converted to glucose first then to pyruvate, which converts ADP to ATP, blocking K channel, opening Ca channel, release insulin

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5
Q

Insulin Synthesis and Secretion from CCK and Ach

A

Work via protein kinase C mechanism, causing release of insulin granules

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6
Q

Insulin Synthesis and Secretion by Adernergic Stimuli

A

Works via protein kinase A mechanism
+ glucagon
- somatostatin

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7
Q

Insulin Secretion is Increased by:

A 
D glucose               Glucagon
Prolactin                 GI hormones
Ketoacids               Vegal activity
FFA                        B-adernergic
K+       Ca2+          Sulfonylurea Drugs
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8
Q

Insulin Secretion is Decreased by:

A

Fasting Exercise
Somatostatin PGE2
A-adernergic

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9
Q

Insulin Action Promotes:

A
  • Glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
  • Glycolysis
  • Glycogen synthesis
  • Protein synthesis
  • Uptake of ions
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10
Q

Insulin Action Inhibits:

A
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Lipolysis
  • Ketogenesis
  • Proteolysis
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11
Q

Fuel Turnover

A

Insulin prevents break down of fat, promotes storage of excess glucose as fat
insulin takes glucose and converts it to glycogen

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12
Q

Insulin Effects

A

Stimulate uptake: K, PO4, Mg
Renal tubular absorption of K, PO4, and Na
Transport amino acids, into cytoplasm
Anabolic effect on all tissue

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13
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Causes

A 
Polygenic abnormalities
Autoimmune destruction of B cells
Viral
Chemical
Radiation Damage
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14
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Symptoms

A
  • Hyperglycemia and glucosuria (increase glycogenolysis and glucogenesis)
  • Hyperlipidemia (decreased FFA storage)
  • Ketonemia and ketoacidosis (FFA oxidation - OH butyrate and acetoacetic acid, fall in pH, academia, increased ventilation, acetone on breath)
  • Hypokalemia and hyponatremia -(increase urine volume and decreased renal absorption)
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15
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Management:

A

Exogenous Insulin

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16
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Causes

A

Genetic and lifestyle factors

HLA-DR4, insulin receptor substrate-1, glucagon receptor, glycogen synthase

17
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms

A

Increased third and urination
Increased hunger; excess craving for sweets
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Slow healing sores, increased frequency of infection

18
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors

A 
Weight: BMI >25
Increased abdominal fat storage
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history
Race
Aging
Gestational Diabetes
19
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Complications

A 
Cardiovascular Disease
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Retinopathy, cataracts, glaucoma
Foot Damages
Skin and Mouth Infections
Osteoporosis
20
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Tests

A

HbA1C 126 mg/dL

Oral glucose test: normal 140 mg/dL

21
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Treatments

A 
Active lifestyle
Controlled food intake
Metformin-oral, Glipzid, Acarbose
Insulin Therapy
Bariatric Surgery
22
Q

Other Types

A 
B-Cell Genetic Defects: MODY, Mitochondria DNA Mutations
Exocrine Pancreatic Defects
Endorinopathies
Infections
Drugs
23
Q

Glucagon

A

Single chain polypeptide
Synthesized as preglucagon, stored in vesicles
Hypoglacemia and amino acids stimulate secretion

24
Q

Glucagon Functions

A

Acts via cell surface receptors and cAMP
Hyperglycemic - antagonizes insulin
Stimulates gluconeogensis, inhibits glycolysis
Increases fatty acid oxidation in liver, increase plasma ketoacids
Simulates lipolysis in adipose

25
Q

Somatostatin

A

Peptide hormone
Release stimulated by: glucose, amino acids, FFA, GI hormones
Decreases rate of digestion and absorption from GI tract
Inhibits intestinal glucose and triglyceride absorption
Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Physiology (8 decks)

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